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  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA 1 PORTFOLIO ID PORTFOLIO NAME KNOWLEDGE AREA CODE KNOWLEDGE AREA NAME PROGRAM NAME INSTITUTION NAME 1 INSTITUTION NAME 2 INSTITUTION NAME 3 INSTITUTION NAME 4 STATE CODE STATE NAME OUTCOME MEASURE OUTCOME TYPE KA PERCENTAGE - 1862 EXTENSION KA PERCENTAGE - 1890 EXTENSION KA PERCENTAGE - 1862 RESEARCH KA PERCENTAGE - 1890 RESEARCH PLAN START YEAR QUANTITATIVE TARGET 1862 EXTENSION OUTCOME MEASURE 1890 EXTENSION OUTCOME MEASURE 1862 RESEARCH OUTCOME MEASURE 1890 RESEARCH OUTCOME MEASURE ACTUAL AMOUNT QUALITATIVE OUTCOME - ISSUES QUALITATIVE OUTCOME - WHAT WAS DONE QUALITATIVE OUTCOME - RESULTS 2 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal The New Farmer: Agriculture for the Next Generation University of Guam       GU Guam # of agricultural professionals completing New Farmer training workshop modules Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 4 y       14 Agriculture support agencies on Guam are small and lack the breadth of expertise that would be found in analogous agencies on the mainland. Island-wide the expertise pool is probably adequate to meet the island's needs but is fragmented among several agencies. Consequently, farmers have difficulty accessing information they need, or finding the expertise to explain key concepts to them when they seek advice. Five 12-hour training modules on sustainable and organic agriculture were developed, used initially for youth then for adults. Train the trainer workshops were held with agriculture professionals at the Guam Department of Agriculture.  These curriculum have into seven 4-hour workshops for adults. Fourteen agricultural professionals completed "New Farmer" training workshops increasing skills and knowledge of conservation and environmental practices.  Training workshop modules are now being delivered to AmeriCorps volunteers, Sanctuary,Inc. (a home for at-risk youth) by Guam Department of Agriculture staff.  The Guam Department of Corrections is also using this curriculum to teach clients new opportunities to earn money when they are released. 3 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal The New Farmer: Agriculture for the Next Generation University of Guam       GU Guam # of MOUs and MOAs for collaborative program grants Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 2 y       1 Sustainable conservation innovation and education through inter-agency collaborations aims to pioneer innovative solutions using new conservation practices that are unique to the island community.  Collaboration with agencies such as Guam Department of Agriculture, NRCS, Chamorro Land Trust Commission and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts have been established to leverage expertise and other resources such as field outreach staff and field demonstrations among government and non-government entities in an effort to improve outreach and education of stakeholders. A memorandum of understanding was effectuated with Sanctuary Inc. to develop 60 hours of curriculum on organic farming for youth. A working relationship between the Guam Department of Agriculture and the Cooperative Extension Service Agriculture and Natural Resources is in place, eight members of Department of Agriculture and Agriculture Development Station have signed the MOU committing a percentage of their full-time equivalency (FTE) to this program. One agency has committed one FTE to this program.  A model to leverage personnel and fiscal resources among collaborating agencies can now be replicated to other projects requiring shared expertise and resources.  There was increased number of stakeholders gaining knowledge and understanding of conservation practices because of the partners ability to increase workshops and outreach. 4 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt appropriate practices Action Outcome 15   15   2007 40 y       1127       5  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt environmentally sound practices Action Outcome 15   15   2007 1520 y       1259       6  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Conduct community service or outreach Action Outcome 15   15   2007 260 y       2093       7  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Create and sustain effective partnerships and collaborations Action Outcome 15   15   2007 20 y       661       8  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Develop a sense of belonging to a community Action Outcome 15   15   2007 180 y       699       9  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Develop environmentally sound technologies and practices Action Outcome 15   15   2007 20 y       12       10  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Develop skills that promote healthy relationships Action Outcome 15   15   2007 1520 y       557       11  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Make better decision regarding natural resource management Action Outcome 15   15   2007 55 y       11       12  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Make better decisions regarding healthy lifestyle Action Outcome 15   15   2007 700 y       6812       13  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Protect or conserve biodiversity and habitat including native plant and animal species Action Outcome 15   15   2007 20 y       17       14  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Support and mentor others in leadership roles Action Outcome 15   15   2007   y       120       15  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Use new technologies Action Outcome 15   15   2007 110 y       671       16  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Use services of natural resource professionals Action Outcome 15   15   2007   y       101       17  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate basic facilitation skills Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 0 y       60       18  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate effective practices in leadership roles Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 25 y       72       19  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to use technology Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 110 y       530       20  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate leadership skills Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007   y       1814       21  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe aspirations to contribute to ecological health and biodiversity Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 20 y       1783       22  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe community service and outreach opportunities Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 20 y       79       23  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe ecological principles Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 1720 y       1657       24  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe effective group work and leadership Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 1720 y       502       25  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe healthy lifestyle choices Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 700 y       1130       26  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe resources available from, and services provided by, natural resource professionals Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 25 y       412       27  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe sustainable living principles and practices Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 710 y       803       28  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe the elements of effective group work Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 25 y       66       29  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe the laws of ecology Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 2435 y       2631       30  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt appropriate management strategies Action Outcome 5   5   2007 350 y       995       31  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt appropriate technologies Action Outcome 5   5   2007 180 y       106       32  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt environmentally sound practices Action Outcome 5   5   2007 50 y       1259       33  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt environmentally sound technologies that improve economic viability Action Outcome 5   5   2007 150 y       280       34  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt IPM strategies Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       35       35  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt practices that maintain long-term productivity Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       3389       36  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt practices that maintain profitability Action Outcome 5   5   2007 80 y       659       37  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Be a mentor to other community organizations or groups Action Outcome 5   5   2007 30 y       60       38  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Complete volunteer commitment Action Outcome 5   5   2007 85 y       115       39  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Compost Action Outcome 5   5   2007 125 y       79       40  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Conduct community service or outreach Action Outcome 5   5   2007 110 y       2093       41  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Create and sustain effective partnerships and collaborations Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       661       42  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Develop environmentally sound technologies and practices Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       12       43  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Develop partnerships among organizations or groups Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       4       44  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Engage in leadership development Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       153       45  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Expand IPM Action Outcome 5   5   2007 35 y       56       46  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Improve soil health Action Outcome 5   5   2007 45 y       52       47  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Increase consumption of locally-grown food Action Outcome 5   5   2007 332 y       173       48  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Increase purchase of Maine products Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       100       49  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Make better decisions regarding pest management Action Outcome 5   5   2007 205 y       1548       50  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Plant and harvest gardens Action Outcome 5   5   2007 490 y       142       51  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Pounds of food donated Action Outcome 5   5   2007 220000 y       7053       52  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Protect or conserve biodiversity and habitat including native plant and animal species Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       17       53  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Provide learning opportunities for groups or organizations Action Outcome 5   5   2007   y       63       54  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Reduce waste stream Action Outcome 5   5   2007 50 y       122       55  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Test new production techniques Action Outcome 5   5   2007 110 y       47       56  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Use non-chemical pest management practices Action Outcome 5   5   2007 25 y       109       57  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Use pesticides safely Action Outcome 5   5   2007 60 y       96       58  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Use relevant UMCE web-based resources Action Outcome 5   5   2007 1160 y       37825       59  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Describe an improved quality of life Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 80 y       31       60  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Complete the Master Gardener Training Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 263 y       151       61  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate appreciation of wildlife in home landscape Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007   y       34       62  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate effective collaborations skills and techniques Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007   y       78       63  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate effective mentoring or coaching skills Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007   y       78       64  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate group, organizational, or leadership activities Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007   y       15       65  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to analyze records for decision making Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007   y       37       66  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to apply pesticides safely and effectively Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 145 y       2228       67  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to be positively engaged in their community Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 50 y       20       68  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to use technology Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 30 y       530       69  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate sustainable gardening practices Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 235 y       546       70  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Describe ecological principles Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 80 y       1657       71  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Describe IPM techniques Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 78 y       130       72  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Describe practices that improve efficiency, reduce inputs, or increase profitability Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 170 y       107       73  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Describe solar heating technology Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007   y       23       74  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Describe threats to water quality from land use practices Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 15 y       1067       75  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Number of participants becoming aware of IPM strategies Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 4000 y   y   9247       76  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Number of participants passing commercial pesticide certification exams Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 600 y       835       77  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Number of participants adopting one or more proper pesticide application practices Action Outcome 10   10   2007 920 y       2730 Perry County is one of Arkansas' larger sod-producing counties. In late 2006, USDA APHIS added Perry County to the Federal Imported Fire Ant Quarantine. This quarantine was implemented to minimize the unnatural spread of imported fire ants to non-infested areas.  Sod growers within the quarantine area needed solutions to treat sod before selling and shipping the sod. As a result of the quarantine, sod producers had to treat all sod destined for shipment to non-quarantined areas. Only two insecticides were approved by APHIS and labeled by EPA for treatment of sod at the application rates required by APHIS.  Perry County sod producers identified logistical or mixing problems associated with these options. Because of these concerns, UA Extension faculty led efforts with USDA APHIS, Etigra and the Arkansas State Plant Board to identify an alternative formulation of the same active insecticide ingredient that would be effective, less expensive and easier to mix. During 2007, a 24-C application was submitted and approved for an insecticide to treat the sod. This alternative reduced mixing problems and saved approximately $125.00 per treated acre of sod, while allowing sod producers to sell sod and comply with the federal quarantine. 78 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Business Start Ups Condition Outcome 10   10   2007 1 y       9       79  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Percent of Acres of soybean acreage receiving insecticide applications Condition Outcome 10   10   2007 14 y       50       80  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt appropriate practices Action Outcome 10   10   2007 120 y       1127       81  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt appropriate technologies Action Outcome 10   10   2007 40 y       106       82  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Adopt lower impact lifestyles Action Outcome 10   10   2007 15 y       753       83  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Conduct community service or outreach Action Outcome 10   10   2007 27 y       2093       84  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Engage positively in their community Action Outcome 10   10   2007   y       401       85  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Facilitate community discussions Action Outcome 10   10   2007   y       15       86  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Increase consumption of locally-grown food Action Outcome 10   10   2007 27 y       173       87  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Make better decision regarding natural resource management Action Outcome 10   10   2007 10 y       11       88  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Promote personal responsibility and action Action Outcome 10   10   2007 60 y       122       89  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Reduce waste stream Action Outcome 10   10   2007 20 y       122       90  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate basic business management skills Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007   y       20       91  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to assess and manage marine resources Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 180 y       259       92  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies or practices Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 35 y       12       93  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to identify and access existing policies or practices Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007   y       11       94  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to influence environmentally-sound public policies Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 70 y       30       95  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate strategies to create a preferred community future Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007   y       25       96  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Describe ecological principles Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007   y       1657       97  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Describe fisheries management practices that are environmentally and socially sound and lead to long-term economic viability Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 40 y       248       98  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Describe the effects of individual and cumulative decisions and actions on local and global ecosystems Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 50 y       225       99  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Describe water and land interaction, and related water-quality issues Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 75 y       923       100  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Act on the results of a well-water test Action Outcome 10       2007   y       3       101  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Conduct community service or outreach Action Outcome 10       2007   y       2093       102  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Identify and remediate pollution sources Action Outcome 10       2007   y       140       103  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Identify pollution sources Action Outcome 10       2007 50 y       57       104  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Install or enhance vegetated buffers Action Outcome 10       2007 10 y       13       105  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Promote municipal responsibility and action Action Outcome 10       2007   y       18       106  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Use services of natural resource professionals Action Outcome 10       2007   y       101       107  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Define a watershed Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 100 y       1026       108  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to create outreach plans Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 6 y       18       109  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Describe how to become involved in local town government Knowledge Outcome 10       2007   y       12       110  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Describe the value of community involvement and civic participation Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 30 y       115       111  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Describe threats to freshwater quality Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 90 y       1041       112  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Describe threats to water quality from land use practices Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 80 y       1067       113  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Describe water and land interaction, and related water-quality issues Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 75 y       923       114  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural Systems University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Number of clientele who reported knowledge gained Knowledge Outcome 40   40   2007 500 y   y   218 Many agricultural producers and private landowners seek ways to generate income from alternative agricultural. For example, goats are one of the fastest growing livestock enterprises.  Outdoor recreation and agritourism are also important.   Examples of alternative enterprises are organic vegetable and fruit production, pen-raised game birds, pine straw, shiitake mushrooms, herb production, small livestock (e.g., goats, rabbits, backyard poultry), and wildlife-recreation/fee fishing enterprises. A broad range of direct and indirect methods were used to provide information to both groups and individuals: _x000D_ Educational meetings_x000D_ Tours_x000D_ Field days_x000D_ Workshops_x000D_ One-on-one consultations including farm visits and telephone responses._x000D_ Articles and media interviews in publications targeting agricultural producers and private landowners_x000D_ A total of 65 different workshops, meetings, and field days were held to educate producers about alternative agriculture enterprises.  Based on the results of a post survey with program participants, 218 reported that they had gained knowledge concerning alternative agriculture enterprises including farm pond management. 115 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Number of participants gaining knowledge of proper pesticide application practices Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 920 y   y   12953       116  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management University of Arkansas       AR Arkansas Number of participants gaining knowledge of integrated pest management practices Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 4000 y   y   7944       117  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient Management West Virginia University       WV West Virginia The number of acres under implemented nutrient management plans will increased. Action Outcome 10       2007 30000 y       855 The number of acres under implemented nutrient management plans will increased. Loss of nutrients, sediment and pathogens from farming operations is a national water quality issue.  West Virginia farms are predominantly raise poultry, beef, dairy and sheep.  Animal manure management on these farms is critical to maintain the water quality in West Virginia. Nutrient management recommendations, educational meetings and field days made to landowners by county Extension agents. This one on one consultation process is vital to the profitability and environmental stewardship of farmers in West Virginia. 118 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient Management West Virginia University       WV West Virginia The number of certified nutrient management planners in WV will increase. Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 100 y       106 Over 100 individuals are certified consultants in WV since 2001. The attrition rate has been very small about 10 persons have failed to maintain their certificates. This program is voluntary in WV at this time. Certified Nutrient Management Planners enable landowners to reduce their cost of production while protecting the environment. This program benefits all landowners raising animals or crops. 1. A fundamentals class to prepare individuals pursuing a nutrient management certificate and an examination.  _x000D_ 2. Continuing education credits to certified NM planners that include workshops and demonstrational field days. _x000D_ Over 100 WV farmers have become certified nutrient management planners and have completed 12 hours of continuing education credits every two years to maintain a certificate and 65 are trained to use the WV Nutrient Management Software tool. 119 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient Management West Virginia University       WV West Virginia The number of certified nutrient management plans in WV will increase. Action Outcome 10       2007 500 y       0 Over 100 individuals are certified consultants in WV since 2001. The attrition rate has been very small about 10 persons have failed to maintain their certificates. This program is voluntary in WV at this time. Certified Nutrient Management Planners enable landowners to reduce their cost of production while protecting the environment. This program benefits all landowners raising animals or crops. Nutrient management recommendations, educational meetings and field days made to landowners by county Extension agents. This one on one consultation process is vital to the profitability and environmental stewardship of farmers in West Virginia.     _x000D_ Nutrient management plans are included in all USDA conservation plans.  Farmers participating in USDA NRCS EQIP contracts must have nutrient management plan as part of the contract. 120 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Enhancing the Use of Natural Resources and Restoring Ecosystem Integrity University of Massachusetts       MA Massachusetts Accurate research on Landscape ecological planning made available and shared Action Outcome     1   2007       y   0 The application of landscape ecological principles in landscape planning has proceeded to a point where adaptive methods are necessary.  These methods enable decisions to be made and implemented in plans based on best available knowledge, the the explicit capacity to monitor their effectiveness and appropriateness over time. This research developed and published a new method of planning that explicitly and systematically addresses uncertainty.  The Adaptive Planning method has been tested in a community out reach project in the city of Chicopee. The result was a specific method to "learn by doing" through which water resource planning and management can be implemented, based on best available knowledge.  Through rigorous scientific design and appropriate monitoring, such experiments hold the potential generate knowledge while solving contemporary environmental problems.  This particular research contributed to specific recommendations to reduce impervious surface area, increase infiltration and reduce the frequency and intensity of combined sewer overflows that regularly occur in the city. 121 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Enhancing the Use of Natural Resources and Restoring Ecosystem Integrity University of Massachusetts       MA Massachusetts Research on conversion of agricultural wastes to fuels Condition Outcome     1   2007       y   0 consumers of fuels, fuel industry _x000D_ Biomass is generally recognized as the only source of liquid transportation fuels that may replace the world's finite supply of oil.  In addition to reducing our dependence on imported oil, with accompanying increase in energy security and reduction in our trade deficit, cellulosic ethanol production would have positive environmental benefits in the form of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions an air pollution. We established cocultures and monitored the effects of Z.mobis on cellulose fermentation and ethanol production.  Results of our studies indicated that Z. mobilis cells were lost from cocultures after three transfers of cocultures to fresh medium, and ethanol production was not significantly increased.  By means of a reducing sugar assay, we determined that reducing sugars increased near the end of growth cycle. Work in progress is directed toward characterizing the activities of the cellulase system of C. phytofermentans using biochemical and genomics approaches. Our results indicate that conjugative transposon mutagenesis may be an effective genetic tool for C.phytofermentans.  Future studies will include additional modifications that will be examined to facilitate the study of cellulosic degradation and metabolism in this environmentally and economically interesting microbe. 122 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural, Natural Resources, and Biological Engineering Purdue University       IN Indiana Number of producers who increase awareness and knowledge concerning science-based methods to manage animal wastes so as to minimize potential soil and air pollution Knowledge Outcome 38   38   2007 0 y   y   29       123  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural, Natural Resources, and Biological Engineering Purdue University       IN Indiana Percent reduction in environmental pollution from inappropriate application of animal wastes to soils or emission of animal odors from production facilities Action Outcome 38   38   2007 0 y   y   0 To meet the ever-increasing demands for food and prevent environmental degradation, as educators and researchers, our role is to focus on the conservation and protection of natural resources; including water, land, and air, and to promote research that supports biodiversity. This effort was devoted to modeling the agricultural and biological processes that use state-of-the-art numerical methods to better utilize our natural resources for economic and environmental sustainability. The finite element method and Geographic Information System tools were used as a decision support system to improve management of natural resource systems. Laboratory and field experiments were used to better understand the overlaying processes and to evaluate these models as a means to assess silvopastoral, water quality, and hydrologic system management at field scales. A comprehensive effort developed the GRAzing SImulation Model (GRASIM) to examine water, nutrient, and carbon flows in pasture environments. GRASIM is the first comprehensive grazing model, and is currently used by several U.S. and international institutions to optimize production while minimizing environmental impacts. A new soil and water characterization and flow model (Kamel) allows for improved field water management, more accurate predictions of contaminant transport and transfer, incorporation of overburden pressure, and provides for a systematic procedure for up-scaling the pedostructure processes to the pedon, field, and watershed scales. 124 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural, Natural Resources, and Biological Engineering Purdue University       IN Indiana Percentage change in number of farmers who enhance soil fertility and reduce soil pollution through less reliance on commercial fertilizer and increased reliance on properly applied animal waste Condition Outcome 38   38   2007 0 y   y   0       125  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural, Natural Resources, and Biological Engineering Purdue University       IN Indiana Number of students with increased awareness and knowledge of energy and water conservation and food safety Knowledge Outcome 38   38   2007   y       300       126  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural Systems Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Increase in the amount of land subject to best management practices (e.g., nutrient management plans, conservation plans, etc.) Condition Outcome 10 10 10 0 2007 0 y y y   5 The Chesapeake Bay Program and cooperating states seek to achieve large reductions in nutrient loadings to the Bay by 2010. In seeking to meet the Commonwealth's 2010 targets for nutrient loss reductions from crop farms, a number of best management practices (BMP's) were recommended and producers receive cost share funding to implement most of them.  Specifically, five BMP's have been targeted for adoption because they are believed to offer the greatest potential benefit. Agents and specialists instituted a number of workshops, meetings, field days, and experiments that demonstrated BMPs to producers.  These events not only demonstrate how to successfully implement these practices, but help solve production problems that might otherwise limit adoption.  The economic impacts of these practices are evaluated in most cases.  Experimental data are also being collected to support the environmental benefits of these practices. Agricultural BMP's are currently cost-shared on over 40% of the acres in Virginia.  These practices are probably implemented on many more acres because this approach does not account for BMP's implemented without cost share or outside programs.  The adoption of agriculture BMP's has been increasing at an additional 5% of acres annually. 127 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural Systems Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Percent reduction in the transport of N, P, and sediment to the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Condition Outcome 10 10 10 0 2007 5 y y y   1 By 2010, Virginia is committed to making significant reductions of sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the Chesapeake Bay waters.  The tributary strategies developed for each major watershed are counting on agriculture to provide the largest share of reductions because pound for pound agriculture can do it more efficiently. Agents and specialists throughout VCE are advocating for use of no-till crop production where feasible.  Studies have shown that compared to conventionally tilled fields, losses of sediment can be reduced by 99%, nitrogen by 94%, and phosphorus by 92%.  A number of demonstrations detailing appropriate techniques and methods of no-till crop production have been conducted. In 2000, the Northeast Extension District had less than 10,000 acres in continous no-till crops.  By 2007, a survey showed the District had increased to over 280,000 acres (83%) of total grain cropland in continous no-till. During the same time period the statewide continuous no-till crop acreage increased from 5% to 41% (440,000 acres). 128 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of applicators who gain knowledge in pesticide safety through certification training and pass the state certification exam(s) Knowledge Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007 1000 y       1888 Federal and state pesticide laws and regulations require pesticide applicators to be certified to use restricted use pesticides. In addition, Virginia law requires all commercial applicators to be certified to use any pesticide. Without pesticide safety and integrated pest management (IPM) education to enable these individuals to do so, many would suffer economic hardships and violate the law. A lack of knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM practices threatens human health and the environment. In 2007, VCE agriculture and natural resource Extension agents and specialists conducted certification preparation programs in pesticide safety and IPM in 107 localities throughout Virginia. These programs assisted agricultural producers and commercial pesticide applicators comply with the law and protect the environment and human health through safe and efficient use of pesticides and adoption of alternative pest control tactics. During 2007, 672 private pesticide applicators (farmers) were trained for certification through educational workshops and self study of Extension training manuals,  570 private applicators gained knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through certification training and passed the state certification exam(s), and 672 private applicators attended programs, which included IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or farms._x000D_ _x000D_ During 2007, 1,303 commercial pesticide applicators were trained for certification through educational workshops and self study of Extension training manuals, 1,318 commercial applicators gained knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through certification training and passed the state certification exam(s), and 1,303 commercial applicators attended programs, which included IPM related topics in their area of pest management._x000D_ _x000D_ As a result of VCE pesticide safety and IPM education programs, 1,888  applicators successfully obtained pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in Virginia._x000D_ 129 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of applicators who gain additional knowledge in pesticide safety through re-certification training and sufficient credit to maintain their certification Knowledge Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007 4000 y       13711 Federal and state pesticide laws and regulations require pesticide applicators to be certified to use restricted use pesticides. In addition, Virginia law requires all commercial applicators to be certified to use any pesticide. It is mandatory that these applicators renew their pesticide licenses through continuing education every two years. Without pesticide safety and integrated pest management (IPM) education to enable these individuals to do so, many would suffer economic hardships and violate the law. A lack of knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM practices threatens human health and the environment. In 2007, VCE agriculture and natural resource Extension agents and specialists worked with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Virginia Pesticide Control Board to conduct programs in pesticide safety and IPM throughout  Virginia. The programs helped agricultural producers and licensed pesticide applicators comply with the law and protect the environment and human health through safe and efficient use of pesticides and alternative pest control tactics. During 2007, 1,975 pesticide applicators were trained for certification through educational workshops and self study of Extension training manuals, 1,858 applicators gained knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through certification training and passed the state certification exam(s), and 1,975 applicators attended programs, which included IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or farms and pest management businesses._x000D_ As a result of VCE pesticide safety and IPM education programs, 1,888 applicators successfully obtained pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in Virginia._x000D_ _x000D_ During 2007,  4,797 pesticide applicators (farmers) were trained for recertification and 4,797 applicators gained additional knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through re-certification training and attended programs, which included IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or farms and areas of pest management._x000D_ As a result of pesticide safety education and IPM programs,  according to state certification statistics, 11,823 applicators successfully maintained their pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in the Commonwealth. Another 1,888 were added to the total applicators holding certifications in Virginia a total of 13,711._x000D_ 130 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of applicators, farmworkers, and the general public who gain knowledge in general pesticide safety who are not seeking certification as pesticide applicators Knowledge Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007 950 y     y 3598 Federal and state pesticide laws and regulations require applicators to follow the pesticide label directions. Pesticide safety education incorporates integrated pest management (IPM) methods into training programs to encourage reduced risk and reduced use of pesticides. Pesticide safety education is mandatory for workers and handlers who must comply with federal worker protection standards. Without pesticide safety and IPM education there is an increased risk of human exposure and environmental from pesticide misuse. In 2007, agriculture and natural resource Extension agents and specialists for VCE conducted programs in pesticide safety and IPM in 107 localities throughout Virginia. The program(s) assisted agricultural producers and non-certified workers and handlers to comply with pesticide laws and regulations, and to protect the environment and human health through the safe and efficient use of pesticides and alternative pest control tactics. During 2007: 3,598  non certified pesticide applicators (those not seeking certification) were trained in Virginia; 3,598 applicators, farmworkers, and the general public gained knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM; 3,598  applicators, farmworkers, and the general public attended events, programs, and meetings on IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or at selected sites farms._x000D_ 131 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of trainers who gain knowledge in pesticide safety and pesticide curriculum and progam training in established train-the-trainer workshops Knowledge Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007 100 y       619 Trainers are critical educators who transfer pesticide safety and IPM knowledge directly to pest managers and pesticide applicators. Without properly trained trainers, applicators would be limited in their ability to comply with pesticide laws and regulations. It is crucial to help these individuals update their knowledge of pesticide regulations, IPM, and safety/environmental issues to transfer this information to the public. In 2007, VT offered three online courses for trainers across the U.S. The largest course was the USDA Pesticide Recordkeeping Training Course. Another course was held for Virginia Master Gardeners. A third course was offered to participants in the Northeast Regional Pesticide Safety Education Center course. VCE also held the annual train the trainer workshop for faculty and VCE staff taught in the onsite northeast region pesticide safety education center short course. VCE trained 482 pesticide regulatory inspectors from across the U.S. in the pesticide recordkeeping course. Those individuals taught colleagues about pesticide recordkeeping and helped applicators comply with USDA pesticide recordkeeping requirements in their states, territories, and tribal jurisdictions. Seventy VCE agents updated their qualifications to conduct training and gained knowledge to train applicators in over 100 Virginia localities at the annual Pesticide Safety Educators Workshop. Fifty Virginia Master Gardeners were trained online to share their pesticide safety knowledge to home gardeners. Forty pesticide safety educators were trained at the Northeast Region Pesticide Safety Education Center short course. As a result, regulators, agents, specialists and Master Gardeners were qualified as trainers to help the public comply with pesticide laws and regulations, protect themselves and their neighbors, and remain profitable if they were in business. 132 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of personal protective equipment violations prosecuted by VDACS Condition Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007 20 y       13711 The federal and state pesticide laws and regulations require pesticide applicators to be certified to use restricted use pesticides. In addition, Virginia law requires all commercial applicators to be certified to use any pesticide. It is mandatory that applicators renew their pesticide licenses through continuing education every two years. Without pesticide safety and integrated pest management (IPM) education to enable these individuals to do so, many would suffer economic hardships and violate the law. A lack of knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM practices threatens human health and the environment. In 2007, agriculture and natural resource Extension agents and specialists for Virginia Cooperative Extension (VCE), worked with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Virginia Pesticide Control Board to conduct programs in pesticide safety and IPM throughout  Virginia. The programs assisted agricultural producers and licensed pesticide applicators to comply with the law and protect the environment and human health through the safe and efficient use of pesticides and alternative pest control tactics. The program made pesticide safety education mandatory for every Extension agricultural agent and tied the issue of applicators being certified as required by state and federal law to educational programs. One of the most prominent violations by applicators is being cited for not being certified to apply pesticides in Virginia. VCE increased efforts to offer training and to inform the public that certification is mandatory for all commercial and many private (farmers) pesticide applicators in Virginia. During 2007: 1,975 pesticide applicators were trained for certification through educational workshops and self study of Extension training manuals; 1,858 applicators gained knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through certification training and passed the state certification exam(s); 1,975 applicators attended programs, which included IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or farms and pest management businesses._x000D_ As a result of VCE pesticide safety and IPM education programs, 1,888  applicators successfully obtained pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in Virginia._x000D_ During 2007: 4,797 pesticide applicators (farmers) were trained for recertification; 4,797 applicators gained additional knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through re certification training and attended programs, which included IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or farms and areas of pest management._x000D_ As a result of pesticide safety education and IPM programs, according to state certification statistics, 11,823 applicators successfully maintained their pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in the Commonwealth. Another 1,888 were added to the total applicators holding certifications in Virginia a total of 13,711._x000D_ _x000D_ In addition, VCE promoted awareness and the availability of pesticide safety education and regulatory compliance through the VIrginia Tech Pesticide Programs website. The use of that website continued to grow in 2007 with 4,760,323 hits with an estimated 35,000 users._x000D_ 133 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of applicators successfully maintaining their pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in the Commonwealth Condition Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007 18000 y       13711 The federal and state pesticide laws and regulations require pesticide applicators to be certified to use restricted use pesticides. In addition, Virginia law requires all commercial applicators to be certified to use any pesticide. It is mandatory that applicators renew their pesticide licenses through continuing education every two years. Without pesticide safety and integrated pest management (IPM) education to enable these individuals to do so, many would suffer economic hardships and violate the law. A lack of knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM practices threatens human health and the environment. In 2007, agriculture and natural resource Extension agents and specialists for VCE, worked with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Virginia Pesticide Control Board to conduct programs in pesticide safety and IPM throughout Virginia. The programs assisted agricultural producers and licensed pesticide applicators to comply with the law and protect the environment and human health through the safe and efficient use of pesticides and alternative pest control tactics. The program made pesticide safety education mandatory for every Extension agricultural agent and tied the issue of applicators being certified as required by state and federal law to VCE educational programs. One of the most prominent violations by applicators is being cited for not being certified to apply pesticides in Virginia. VCE increased efforts to offer training and to inform the public that certification is mandatory for all commercial and many private (farmers) pesticide applicators in Virginia. During 2007: 1,975 pesticide applicators were trained for certification through educational workshops and self study of Extension training manuals; 1,858 applicators gained knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through certification training and passed the state certification exam(s); 1,975 applicators attended programs, which included IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or farms and pest management businesses._x000D_ As a result of VCE pesticide safety and IPM education programs, 1,888  applicators successfully obtained pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in Virginia._x000D_ During 2007: 4,797 pesticide applicators (farmers) were trained for recertification; 4,797 applicators gained additional knowledge in pesticide safety and IPM through re certification training and attended programs, which included IPM related topics for selected commodities and/or farms and areas of pest management._x000D_ As a result of pesticide safety education and IPM programs, according to state certification statistics, 11,823 applicators successfully maintained their pesticide applicator certification to legally apply pesticides in the Commonwealth. Another 1,888 were added to the total applicators holding certifications in Virginia a total of 13,711._x000D_ _x000D_ In addition, VCE promoted awareness and the availability of pesticide safety education and regulatory compliance through the Virginia Tech Pesticide Programs website. The use of that website continued to grow in 2007 with 4,760,323 hits for an estimated 35,000 users._x000D_ 134 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of pounds of pesticide waste disposed of through a statewide pesticide waste disposal program. Action Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007   y   y   92097 The disposal of canceled, banned or unwanted agricultural and commercial pesticides poses a significant challenge to agricultural producers and other pesticide users. Pesticide wastes are a public health and financial threat. Many waste products end up in local waste systems. Since 1990, the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the Virginia Pesticide Control Board and Virginia Cooperative Extension have worked together to collect and destroy 1,407,415 pounds of pesticide wastes. An inexpensive and efficient solution to disposing of waste products eliminates a potential threat to health and the environment and saves money. To identify and collect pesticide wastes in 2007, Agriculture and Natural Resource Extension agents for Virginia Cooperative Extension, in partnership with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Virginia Pesticide Control Board, conducted a pesticide waste disposal program in 22 Virginia localities. The program(s) helped agricultural producers, licensed pesticide dealers and pest control firms, golf courses, and homeowners properly dispose of unwanted pesticides. During 2007: 92,097  pounds of waste pesticides were reported to have been collected and disposed of 22 localities through the work of  Virginia Extension agents in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Virginia Pesticide Control Board; 112 participants who improved the safety of their property and environment by participating in the pesticide waste disposal program; 112 individuals, farms, businesses, and other organizations that positively benefited from the pesticide disposal program by eliminating the costs of disposal themselves and removing potential exposure to toxic wastes; 112 applicators who gained knowledge of how to properly dispose of unwanted pesticide products and wastes._x000D_ As a result of the pesticide waste disposal program,  pesticide wastes were collected from 112 farms, licensed pesticide dealers and pest control companies,  golf courses, and homeowners in  22 southwest counties in Virginia._x000D_ _x000D_ 135 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Pest Management Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of pesticide waste containers recycled as a result of pesticide container recycling programs. Action Outcome 10 0 10 10 2007   y       10300 The disposal of pesticide containers poses a significant challenge to agricultural producers and other pesticide users. Improperly rinsed containers are a public health and financial threat. Many containers end up in local waste systems. Since 1993, the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the Virginia Pesticide Control Board and Virginia Cooperative Extension worked together to collect and recycle 853,730 plastic pesticide containers. An inexpensive and efficient solution to disposing of containers eliminates a potential threat to health and the environment and saves money. To identify, collect and recycle pesticide containers in 2007, agriculture and natural resource Extension agents for Virginia Cooperative Extension, in partnership with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Virginia Pesticide Control Board, conducted a pesticide container recycling program in 19 localities in Virginia. The program(s) helped agricultural producers, licensed pesticide dealers and pest control firms, golf courses, and homeowners properly recycle waste pesticide containers. During 2007, 10,300 pesticide containers were collected and disposed of in 19 localities through the work of  Virginia Extension Agents  in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Virginia Pesticide Control Board. Participants improved the safety of their property and environment through cooperation with the pesticide container recycling program. Individuals, farms, businesses, and other organizations that positively benefited from the pesticide container recycling program. As a result of these pesticide container recycling program, 10,300 properly rinsed containers were collected from farms, licensed pesticide dealers and pest control companies, golf courses, and homeowners in 19 localities in Virginia.  According to the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, eight pesticide dealers sponsored recycling sites which increased the number of plastic containers recycled statewide to 36,135 (this figure includes those 10,300 containers reported by Extension agents). 136 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Engineering and Biosystems University of Puerto Rico       PR Puerto Rico Number of clients that increased their knowledge about appropriate systems for waste management in their projects. Knowledge Outcome 65       2007 200 y       244       137  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Engineering and Biosystems University of Puerto Rico       PR Puerto Rico Number of waste management systems improved (new or existing). Action Outcome 65       2007 100 y       80 General impression that farms with animals in confinements pollute and hinder water quality problems. Solid-liquid separators have been constructed on small swine farms, composting facilities have been added to the waste management systems in horse farms, and land application of wastewater and other practices have been put into use. Improvemnt ot the waste management systems and carrying out the required practices resutls in improved water quality and less complaints by environmental advocate groups. 138 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Engineering and Biosystems University of Puerto Rico       PR Puerto Rico Number of farmers that increased their production as a result of improving their waste management systems. Action Outcome 65       2007 70 y       39       139  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Plants and Plant Products Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of commercial producers educated about new production techniques or BMPs Knowledge Outcome 5 5 5 5 2007 500 y y y y 22702 For the Mennonite community in the Shenandoah Valley and the 400 families who rely on dairy and poultry as their primary farming operation, economic pressures and environmental challenges have made it more difficult and expensive to get into and remain in agriculture. Produce auctions have proven successful in establishing produce growing as a viable alternative enterprise in other plain communities.  _x000D_ Through VCE programming and the work of area farmers, the Shenandoah Valley Produce Auction was formed as an agricultural-based enterprise. In 2007, VCE supported this new enterprise by providing educational programming and personalized horticultural consultation.  Events for these new growers included workshops on sustainable vegetable production, nursery and greenhouses, bedding plants, field grown fresh cut herb production, and commercial vegetable production. In its first three seasons, the auction exceeded the members and participating growers' expectations. Gross sales receipts for the 2007 season surpassed $1.3 million.  These sales come from over 350 registered vendors, most of who are from the Mennonite community and other groups within a 100-mile radius. As a startup enterprise, the produce auction helped diversify the farm economy for Mennonite families and others, provided new agriculture-based opportunities and enterprises for women and youth, and enhanced VCE's programming efforts with men, women, and youth in this distinct agricultural community. 140 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Plants and Plant Products Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of commercial producers adopting new BMPs Action Outcome 5 5 5 5 2007 50 y   y   1586 Wheat production has historically been part of the row crop agriculture cropping rotation scheme in the lower middle peninsula of Virginia and accounted for over 7,500 acres of cropland in 2007. A 33% increase is expected in 2008. Interest in wheat production has increased due to prices and the use of no-till practices. Producers need information they can use to produce high quality, no-till wheat to take advantage of prices while improving carbon sequestration and reducing erosion. A group of grain farmers met, discussed production topics. and suggested on-farm plots to help them learn more about topics related to higher wheat yields. Wheat plots are planted in the fall and evaluated each spring by agents and members of the group. Farmers can see first hand what varieties and practices work best in an on-farm setting.  This group also receives marketing information through meetings, mailings, and e-mails. Variety selection is one of the most important best management practices a farmer can make. From this group of producers, 85% based variety selections on statewide statistical data refined by locally generated data. As a result, the group increased their income by an average of $40 per acre over varieties they would normally have selected.  After observing additional practices under local replicated test conditions, an additional $18 per acre was saved by 50% of the group by dropping an unnecessary treatment. 141 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Plants and Plant Products Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of noncommercial gardeners/producers educated about new techniques or BMPs Knowledge Outcome 5 5 5 5 2007 50000 y y y   109288 In 2007 Virginia commemorated the 400th anniversary of the settlement at Jamestown.  The America's Anniversary Garden (AAG)(TM) project was VCE's contribution in partnership with the Jamestown 2007 Committee, to promote the planting of signature gardens, unite horticultural interest in commemorating the event, and to stimulate interest in horticultural plantings.  These signature gardens consist of plants with red, white and/or blue features designed to thrive for all gardeners. VCE implemented a marketing campaign of the AAG concept to unify garden, tourism, civic, non-profit, cultural, educational, green industry, and business organizations in the state. A statewide contest with 15 categories was sponsored by 11 state agencies.  A new partnership created with the National Junior Master Gardener program and the Weekly Reader program promoted horticulture education to 3rd and 4th grade teachers and students, and resulted in a national school garden design contest. VCE agents distributed over 50,000 AAG seed packets supplied by the Jamestown 2007 Committee, and the AAG website recorded 78,241 hits.  The state AAG contest had 109 entries from a strong cross section of Virginia, and awards were presented at the Virginia State Fair. The partnership with JMG and Weekly Reader elevated the AAG to the national level, with  teacher's guides sent to over 57,000 3rd and 4th grade teachers, and a AAG poster sent to over 1.2 million students. Sixty-five entries were submitted from 36 states. The grand prize winner was from Gainesville, GA.  Evaluation focus groups with retailers revealed they found the AAG commemorative program only marginally increased gardening interest. In large part, the entire Jamestown commemorative event did not "catch fire as expected." They considered the AAG a "great concept, with literature well put together, well researched, and well thought-out" but in need of more funding and marketing. 142 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Plants and Plant Products Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State University Virginia State University     VA Virginia Number of noncommercial gardeners adopting new techniques or BMPs Action Outcome 5 5 5 5 2007 5000 y   y   5533 The Chesapeake Bay is one of Virginia's most economically and environmentally significant assets and an integral part of both state and local economies. The Bay has experienced an accelerated decline in water quality due to over enrichment of nutrients. A major contributor to nutrient discharge is urban stormwater runoff, which carries with it residues of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. The activities conducted on land directly affect pollution levels in the Bay. The Turf Love program is a community based water quality improvement education program to support protection of water resources and quality of the landscape. Through public workshops and home visits, the Turf Love program educates homeowners and landscape professionals on producing healthy turf while reducing use of fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides contributing to water pollution. The Turf Love program hosts two major public seminar events "Turf Love U", in the spring, and "Super Turf Saturday" in the fall, with educational and technical assistance to citizens through on-site landscape assessments. The assessments were conducted by trained Master Gardener volunteers, the Turf Rangers, who contributed over 600 hours to the program.  Each site received a nutrient management plan, a turf maintenance calendar, a BMP report, and a GIS map indicating the location, soil series, and proximity to Resource Protection Areas (RPAs). Over 29% of sites were located in or close to an RPA.    Over 257 citizens in 96 different neighborhoods received on-site home lawn analysis, along with two golf courses and three neighborhood common areas.  As a result of this program, 159 acres of turf were assessed and have certified nutrient management plans in place. 143 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Water Resource Management and Policy University of Minnesota       MN Minnesota Targeted communities will create accessible, understandable and useful reports and protocols.  (Target expressed as a percentage of targeted communities.) Action Outcome 20   10   2007 100 y       100       144  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Water Resource Management and Policy University of Minnesota       MN Minnesota Small communities will develop a viable plan for onsite sewage treatment--plans that are affordable and address onsite sewage treatment. (Target expressed as number of communities per year.) Action Outcome 20   10   2007 3 y       3       145  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 1. Sustain, Protect, and Manage Hawaii's Natural Resources and Environment University of Hawaii       HI Hawaii Increased awareness and understanding of the issues Knowledge Outcome 10   15   2007 200 y   y   196 Land owners interested in: productive efficiency and sustainability of forest and range production systems; reforestation with native hardwoods; reduce or minimize the impact of invasive species on forest and rangelands; interplant crops with native hardwoods to provide a source of income; landowners with exotic hardwoods looking for economically viable options. Food waste generators with disposal problems and pig farmers faced with high cost of feed. Demonstrations of proper thinning operations on collaborators property, presentations, workshops, week-long field based course on forest restoration, field days, publications, posters, websites, research, one on one consultations. A project was initiated to collect and compost food wastes with a composting machine to produce feed for pigs. A bioreactor to treat waste water generated by a dairy was put on demonstration. The jointly produced book "Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands" had an initial printing of 2000 copies are close to being sold out in less than a year. Websites had over 77,000 persons visiting during the reporting period and over 2500 downloads of web pages. Many forestry professionals from Hawaii and the Pacific Islands learned about reforestation techniques for native tree species and especially Acacia koa, thinning techniques and principles, invasive species management, and other subjects. Small land owners were made aware of the potential value of native hardwoods when grown for 13 years and made into bowls and other products._x000D_ Pig farmers have been made aware of a local option for feed either as a supplement or for their total feed source using local food wastes composted by a composting machine. Dairies and other generators of waste water were made aware of the bioreactor as an environmentally friendly wastewater treatment system._x000D_ 146 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 1. Sustain, Protect, and Manage Hawaii's Natural Resources and Environment University of Hawaii       HI Hawaii Number of people completing non-formal education programs Action Outcome 10   15   2007 25 y   y   120 Land owners interested in: productive efficiency and sustainability of forest and range production systems; reforestation with native hardwoods; reduce or minimize the impact of invasive species on forest and rangelands; interplant crops with native hardwoods to provide a source of income; landowners with exotic hardwoods looking for economically viable options. Food waste generators with disposal problems and pig farmers faced with high cost of feed. Demonstrations of proper thinning operations on collaborators property, presentations, workshops, week-long field based course on forest restoration, field days, publications, posters, websites, research, one on one consultations. A project was initiated to collect and compost food wastes with a composting machine to produce feed for pigs. A bioreactor to treat waste water generated by a dairy was put on demonstration. Wood turners on the Big Island transformed raw native wood grown in a demonstration plot into beautiful bowls and other wooden art objects bring prices of over $200 a piece.  About 45,770 acres of native hardwood forests are now under management options that include thinning and fertilizing as a result of workshops held by CTAHR workers. 147 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Microbiology West Virginia State University       WV West Virginia Increase knowledge of anaerobic bacteria (%) Knowledge Outcome       100 2007 10       y 50 The target audience of this research is microbiologists, engineers and environmental biotechnologists who work on anaerobic digestion, as well as undergraduate and graduate students, anaerobic digester operators, and livestock and poultry farmers. The program of research was focused on the microbial ecology of thermophilic anaerobic digestion.  West Virginia State University operates a thermophilic anaerobic digester facility, including a 10,000 gallon pilot plant and laboratory-scale reactors.  Three principal projects were advanced: culture-independent molecular characterization of the digester microbial community, analysis of the long-term stability of the microbial populations in the pilot plant digester, and identification of digester populations that metabolize fatty acids. A major goal of 2007 was to further expand a comprehensive collection of bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA clones from a pilot plant thermophilic digester and a derived biofilm digester.  The biofilm community was found to contain significantly more biodiversity than the suspended cell community.  The Chao 1 diversity estimator projects that the biofilm contains a minimum of 320 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the 97% similarity level, while the pilot plant contains a minimum of 180 OTUs.  The structure of the pilot plant community in terms of taxon rank-abundance shows few OTUs of high abundance and most OTUs of low abundance.  Approximately 85% of the clones in the pilot plant fall into the Firmicutes with 35% of these being Clostridia and 40% being unclassified.  This demonstrates a large percentage of novel bacterial diversity in the WVSU thermophilic digesters.  Stable isotope probing using 13C-labeled propionic acid was used to label populations derived from a 15 liter biofilm digester.  13C-labeled and unlabeled DNAs have been isolated and analyzed using T-RFLP analysis. 148 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Microbiology West Virginia State University       WV West Virginia Identify antibiotic resistant bacteria in poultry manure (#) Action Outcome       100 2007 0       y 0 No activities were conducted to be measured on this section as it was the case in the previous year (2006).     149  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Microbiology West Virginia State University       WV West Virginia Increase digester efficiency (%) Condition Outcome       100 2007 0       y 5 The target audience of this research is microbiologists and engineers who work on anaerobic digestion as well as other environmental biotechnologists interested in biomass-to-bioenergy production.  In addition, anaerobic digester operators and livestock and poultry farmers will benefit. The program of research was focused on the microbial ecology of thermophilic anaerobic digestion.  West Virginia State University operates a thermophilic anaerobic digester facility, including a 10,000 gallon pilot plant which digests poultry litter and laboratory-scale reactors.  This research seeks to explain the exceptional performance of the WVSU digester in terms of microbial diversity and ecology. The WVSU pilot plant digester has performed exceptionally well for several years in treating poultry litter.  Research examining the long-term stability of the WVSU thermophilic digester in terms of the stability and diversity of bacterial populations was begun during 2007.  Samples had been previously collected from the digester while treating poultry litter over a four year period of time.  During 2007 the analysis of these samples was begun by creating 16S rDNA clone libraries of the bacteria from three samples.  More than 600 clones have been collected and about one third of these samples have been sequenced.  The analysis of the phylogenetic diversity and abundance of these sequences is being used to define the stability of the digester microbial community over time. 150 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural, Natural Resource, and Biological Engineering North Carolina State University North Carolina A&T State University     NC North Carolina Number of growers implementing improved irrigation and drainage systems Action Outcome 15 15 15   2007 15 y       16 Good water management is essential in crop production.  Additionally, recent drought has required adoption of more efficient water management equipment and strategies.  The wide variety of soils and landscape found in North Carolina require a wide range of water management techniques including controlled drainage Growers have converted from sprinkler irrigation to drip irrigation.   Much vegetable production, including the majority of tomato production has moved to drip under plastic (plasticulture).  Training and advice on how to use irrigation systems to provide cooling and frost/freeze protection has been provided.  Extension gudiance on controlled drainage to minimize nitrogen losses and improve crop yields continued. Growers used fertigation to correct nutrient deficiencies in fruit and vegetable crops.  Several  strawberry growers took advantage of irrigation systems to avert costly crop losses (primarily strawberry) during the Easter freeze. 151 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Enhancing Environmental Stewardship and Maintaining a Balance Between Agriculture & the Environment University of Maryland University of Maryland - Eastern Shore     MD Maryland 4.  Nutrient & Water Management (Residential): Number of: Citizens adopt practices of landscape ecology and understand the relationship among pesticides, poor septic systems, & environmental health. Knowledge Outcome 5 10 10 0 2007 5100 y     y 3359 Urban and suburban sprawl has led to the conversion of thousands of acres of native landscape into home lawns and gardens.  These lawns and gardens have been developed using sometimes antiquated concepts and techniques that were developed two or more centuries ago.  Most residents, planners, and developers do not recognize the urban and suburban landscape as part of the greater ecosystem, and they have generally failed to incorporate environmental and ecological concepts into their landscape plans.  This failure has led to the continued degradation of soil and water quality.  Also, landscape plantings continue to contribute exotic and sometimes invasive plant species to the ecosystem.  Because these plantings generally lack diversity and rely too heavily on mowed turf as a ground cover, they fail to attract desirable wildlife that can add balance to a damaged ecosystem.  All told, we have been left with a very unhealthy and unsustainable landscape. Also, studies have shown that both ground and surface waters contain high levels of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus (N and P), sediments and toxic contaminants, which adversely affect water quality, aquatic organisms, fisheries, and human health._x000D_ New educational strategies are needed that will first change our view of the urban and suburban landscape, and second show how the environmental and ecological concepts of the late 20th and early 21st century can practically be used to transform these landscapes into a healthy ecosystem.  _x000D_ In 2007, MCE  educators developed a new Bay-Wise brochure for county programs; developed and wrote a new chapter for the Master Gardener training manual on water management; updated Bay-Wise curriculum to include information on rain gardens; updated 6 newly developed web pages onto the University's server; conducted 45 workshops, meetings, seminars, and/or classes; served on the state urban and community forestry council to award $24,240 in grants to community groups; maintained on-site native woody plant demonstration site; trained 271 volunteers; facilitated groups in decision making efforts; partnered with appropriate agencies like MDA, MDE, DNR, and  EPA to promote environmental stewardship and assess effects of programming. One hundred and forty-six new and returning Master Gardeners learned the importance of water quality and how it can be maintained and improved during eight separate Bay-Wise Advanced Trainings in 2007. In end of class evaluations, 88% of Bay-Wise Master Gardeners said they would incorporate IPM, rain gardens, water-insoluble fertilizers and/or other environmentally sound horticultural practices into their landscape maintenance plans. Many of those who said they do not plan to change practices as a result of the class explained that they were already using those practices. Twenty-eight Bay-Wise Master Gardeners had their home landscapes certified as ecologically sound demonstration sites in their own neighborhoods, and pledged to encourage others to do the same, as a result of their training this year._x000D_ In addition to the Bay-Wise program, 49 Master Gardeners learned how to key out woody plants or learned the care and identification of over 60 shade trees during one of two nine-hour advanced training sessions. Seventy-six Master Gardener interns learned about native plants, botany, lawn care and an intro to Bay-Wise landscape management during part of their Master Gardener intern training._x000D_ Three hundred and forty-seven Maryland citizens learned how to integrate IPM and other environmentally sound horticultural practices into their lawn and garden maintenance plans. They also learned the concept of landscape ecology. In post-class evaluations, 93% respondents said they would plan, develop and maintain ecologically sound landscapes that increase plant diversity, improve water and soil quality, and provide habitat for desirable wildlife as a result of what they learned._x000D_ Forty-six hundred and twenty-eight Montgomery County fourth graders discovered the connections between water quality, agriculture and their environment during their field day at Close Encounters with Agriculture. One hundred youth enrolled in Montgomery County's adventures in science program and Baltimore City's Mary Our Queen Cathedral School also learned similar facts and promised to reduce the pollution load within their homes._x000D_ Twenty-eight community groups around the state received $ 24,240 in Maryland Urban & Community Forestry grants to promote and plant trees on public lands._x000D_ Educators teamed with the Chesapeake Conservation Landscaping Council to host the "Turning a New Leaf" conference in Annandale in November. The conference promoted cutting edge sustainable landscaping practices for the 260 landscape professionals and others that attended. One of the participants commented that they appreciated the "new energy and information not available at other conferences."_x000D_ Leaders from a MCE administration met to discuss the pros and cons of instituting a Master Naturalist program in Maryland. The group decided that it would be a worthwhile resource for the state. The next step in this process is to decide the details of how to organize such a program and hire a Master Naturalist coordinator._x000D_ The Bay-Wise brochure and chapter in the new Master Gardener Manual will be printed in 2008._x000D_ 152 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Enhancing Environmental Stewardship and Maintaining a Balance Between Agriculture & the Environment University of Maryland University of Maryland - Eastern Shore     MD Maryland 7.  Coastal, Chesapeake Bay: Number of: Lawn care companies report fertilizer use and eliminate P from maintenance: Adoption of composting; water wells tested; septic tanks improved. Knowledge Outcome 5 10 10 0 2007 4200 y       0 These impacts are consolidated with the Nutrient and Water Management in Residential Areas.     153  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Enhancing Environmental Stewardship and Maintaining a Balance Between Agriculture & the Environment University of Maryland University of Maryland - Eastern Shore     MD Maryland 6.  Waste Management: Number of: Policy makers & farmers understand the scientific issues of land applied poultry litter and poultry stockpiles; Policy makers access MCE information. Knowledge Outcome 5 10 10 0 2007 50 y       0 This program is consolidated into the nutrient management measure for commercial applicators     154  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of agricultural/natural resources producers and business representatives who demonstrate knowledge gains about waste management and reduction. (4.3.1b) Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       155  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of organization and business representatives who demonstrate knowledge gains about waste management and reduction. (4.3.2b) Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       156  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of local government officials and community leaders who demonstrate knowledge gains about waste management and reduction and the relationship between waste and land use management. (4.3.4b) Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       157  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of consumers, residents, and landowners who demonstrate knowledge gains about waste management and reduction. (4.3.5b) Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       158  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of youth who demonstrate knowledge gains about waste management and reduction. (4.3.6b) Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       159  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of teachers and youth professionals and volunteers who demonstrate knowledge gains about waste management and reduction. (4.3.7b) Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       160  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of agricultural/natural resources producers and business representatives documented to have modified existing practices or technologies and/or adopted new practices to manage and reduce waste. (4.3.1c) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 3500 y   y   51       161  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of organization and business representatives documented to have modified existing practices or technologies and/or adopted new practices to manage and reduce waste. (4.3.2c) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 750 y   y   40       162  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of producers, businesses, local governments, organizations, landowners, and individuals who collaborate to develop and implement waste reduction and management strategies. (4.3.3a) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       163  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of local government officials and community leaders documented to have modified existing practices or technologies and/or adopted new practices to manage and reduce waste. (4.3.4c) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 175 y   y   15       164  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of consumers, residents, and landowners documented to have modified existing practices or technologies and/or adopted new practices to manage and reduce waste. (4.3.5c) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 3500 y   y   1607       165  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of youth documented to have modified existing practices and/or adopted new practices to manage and reduce waste. (4.3.6c) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 1250 y   y   401       166  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of youth introduced to variety of environmental and natural resources career options. (4.3.6d) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 20000 y   y   785       167  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of teachers and youth professionals and volunteers who incorporate waste reduction and management knowledge into curriculum. (4.3.7c) Action Outcome 14   14   2007 100 y   y   77       168  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of agricultural/natural resources producers and business representatives documented to have improved waste management practices. (4.3.1d) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       169  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of organizations and businesses documented to have established or modified waste management policies to enhance and protect land and water resources. (4.3.2d) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 750 y   y   35       170  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York Documented instances in which resource managers credit reduced risk from waste handling and disposal; decreased waste volume; and improved environmental equity to implementation of improved waste management practices. (4.3.3b) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 50 y   y   36       171  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of local government officials and community leaders documented to have established or modified waste management policies to enhance and protect land and water resources. (4.3.4d) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 25 y   y   11       172  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of consumers, residents, and/or landowners, documented to have improved waste management practices. (4.3.5d) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 2500 y   y   707       173  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York # of youth documented to have chosen waste management-related careers. (4.3.6e) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       174  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York Documented instances in which public health officials credit decreased public health risks to implementation of improved waste management practices. (4.3.8a) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       175  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York Documented instances in which resource managers credit lower costs for remediation to implementation of improved waste management practices. (4.3.8b) Condition Outcome 14   14   2007 0 y   y   0       176  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of faculty collaborations working on biofuels projects. Knowledge Outcome 0   100   2007 2     y   12 There is an assumption that research quality and impact increases with multidisciplinary collaboration. Such collaboration also increases the likelihood of procuring external funding._x000D_ _x000D_ A canola biodiesel plant became operational in Velva, North Dakota in 2007; however, there may not be enough canola seed in the region to sustain operation of this plant over coming years. This directly impacts ADM, Velva and surrounding communities.   _x000D_ _x000D_ Field peas are a potential feedstock to supplement corn in existing ethanol plants in North Dakota.  _x000D_ Dr. Wiesenborn has collaborated on two projects with faculty in Mechanical Engineering and Agribusiness and Applied Economics. Dr. Pryor has collaborated on four projects or project proposals with faculty in the departments of Mechanical Engineering, Agribusiness and Applied Economics, Animal and Range Science, and Cereal and Food Science._x000D_ _x000D_ A canola breeding program was initiated in 2006 to develop canola varieties which yield higher oil per acre. Samples from approximately 3500 plots were tested in Fall 2007 for oil content and other properties that contribute to the value of the oil for biodiesel use. Future proposed work would extend research to a close relative of canola known as Brassica juncea which may be better suited to western North Dakota and to screening of canola varieties for biodiesel quality. This project involves collaboration between NDSU's Departments of Agribusiness & Applied Economics, Plant Sciences and Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Monsanto and ADM. An extension publication addressing the needs of small producers of biodiesel was released in 2007._x000D_ _x000D_ A process model was developed to help determine whether mechanical fractionation of field peas will be economical.  This involves collaboration between NDSU's Departments of Agribusiness & Applied Economics and Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering._x000D_ Oil yield was elevated in a number of tested samples. Results were used by an NDSU canola breeder to select varieties for production at winter nursery sites in Chile, to be tested at NDSU in Spring 2008. This collaboration led to a proposal that was selected for a second Center of Excellence grant of $1.5 M to be effective July 2008. An additional proposal is pending with USDA._x000D_ _x000D_ These projects have helped to foster relationships between departments and are expected to lead to future collaboration. At least two projects have been completed and funding was secured for another._x000D_ _x000D_ The developed model is a very good tool for quantifying and characterizing the starch-rich and protein-rich product streams under various scenarios. 177 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of proposals submitted for biofuels projects. Knowledge Outcome 0   100   2007 2     y   10 Proposal submittals are indicative of the type and quantity of work being pursued. One project proposal has been submitted for a canola biodiesel project and another for a biodiesel co-product project. Three separate project proposals were submitted related to biomass-based ethanol. Another project was submitted to industry and two agencies for a beet pulp ethanol project. A final project was proposed for a feedlot/corn ethanol plant feasibility study. The feedlot/ethanol plant feasibility study and the biodiesel co-product project were both funded. The beet pulp ethanol project has been funded by all parties in 2008. The canola biodiesel proposal and one biomass-based ethanol proposal are still pending. The remaining biomass ethanol proposals were not funded. 178 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of graduate students working on biofuels projects. Action Outcome 0   100   2007 2     y   2 Graduate students complete much of the research done at universities. High quality graduates will be needed to meet the needs of industry, government, and academia. Two graduate students are currently working on projects related to biofuels. Research proposals have requested funding for additional students. Additional graduate students have also been requested through the biennial legislative budget process. Graduate students are working on projects related to alternative starch feedstock processing for ethanol and co-product development for the biodiesel industry. 179 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of biofuels-related papers published by NDSU faculty. Action Outcome 0   100   2007 2     y   4 Publication of papers is a primary means of dissemination of research results. Several conference papers or posters were presented. Journal articles for some work are in preparation. Manamperi, W.A., K.C. Chang, and S.W. Pryor. 2007. Separation and Evaluation of Canola Meal and Protein for Industrial Bioproducts, paper RRV-07116. 2007 CSBE/ASABE North Central Intersectional Conference, Fargo, ND  Oct 12-13, 2007._x000D_ _x000D_ Wilhelmi, A., Wiesenborn, D.P., Gustafson, C., and S.W. Pryor. 2007. Model for Mechanical Fractionation of Field Peas to Supplement a Dry Grind Corn Ethanol Plant, paper RRV-07113.  2007 CSBE/ASABE North Central Intersectional Conference, Fargo, ND  Oct 12-13, 2007._x000D_ _x000D_ Manamperi, W.A., D. P. Wiesenborn, and S.W. Pryor. 2007. Canola meal protein fractionation and utilization for industrial applications, paper 077036. ASABE International Meeting, Minneapolis, MN July 17-20, 2007._x000D_ _x000D_ Polansky, P., D. P. Wiesenborn, and S.W. Pryor. 2007.  Batch reactor for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, paper 077037. ASABE International Meeting, Minneapolis, MN July 17-20, 2007._x000D_ 180 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of biofuels research proposals submitted. Action Outcome 0   100   2007 2     y   10 Proposal submittals are indicative of the type and quantity of work being pursued._x000D_ _x000D_ One project proposal has been submitted for a canola biodiesel project and another for a biodiesel co-product project. Three separate project proposals were submitted related to biomass-based ethanol. Another project was submitted to industry and two agencies for a beet pulp ethanol project. The feedlot/ethanol plant feasibility study and the biodiesel co-product project were both funded. The beet pulp ethanol project has been funded by all parties in 2008. The canola biodiesel proposal and one biomass-based ethanol proposal are still pending. The remaining biomass ethanol proposals were not funded. 181 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Grant money received for biofuels research. Action Outcome 0   100   2007 100000     y   1140924 Grant dollars received is indicative of the quality of research proposals being submitted and is necessary for conducting research. Grant proposals have been submitted as described earlier. Funding was received for biodiesel co-product development and for a feasibility study for a large dairy and anaerobic digester co-located at an existing corn ethanol plant.  Additional funds were available that had been awarded in previous years. 182 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Increased demand for NDSU graduate students in academia/industry. Condition Outcome 0   100   2007 2     y   0 It will be important for industry to have a pool of well-trained students to hire. No students working on biofuels-related projects graduated in 2007. Students are expected to graduate in 2008-2010.   183  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Increase in quality/quantity of student applicants in biofuels-related fields. Condition Outcome 0   100   2007 3     y   0 Graduate students are required to do much of the experimentation and lab work. Increase in quantity and quality of graduate students would indicate a perception from potential applicants and academia of the quality of research conducted at NDSU. No recruiting of new students was done in 2007 as funding was not available.   184  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Increased funding rate for NDSU biofuels research proposals. Condition Outcome 0   100   2007 50000     y   0 Funding is highly competitive among national agencies.  State agency or industry funding can also be quite competitive. Increased funding rates are indicative of the quality of proposals and research being done at NDSU.   Of the seven biofuel-related projects submitted for funding in 2007, three were funded completely and two are still pending. Only two were not accepted for funding. These projects were funded by a combination of industry and federal and state agencies. This success rate (43-71%) should be considered excellent given many federal funding rates that are often less than 10%. 185 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Biobased industries seek out NDSU faculty for collaborations on biofuels projects. Condition Outcome 0   100   2007 0     y   0       186  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biofuels North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota State and federal policymakers seek out NDSU faculty input. Condition Outcome 0   100   2007 0     y   0       187  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal II.  URBAN FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Southern University and A&M College       LA Louisiana 1.  Percent of clients who gained new knowledge/skills, awareness and/or changed attitudes. Knowledge Outcome   20   20 2007 70   y   y 70 Urban forests and their effects on society and the environment were increasingly recognized and important, yet little was known about this resource. To have a comprehensive and integrated urban forest resource management system, urban planners need to utilize the full range of technological resources at their disposal to mitigate the effects of air quality, ultraviolet (UV) radiation loads, carbon dioxide, loss of_x000D_ green space and wildlife, urban pest, storm water runoff, rising utility costs, etc.  In 2005, hurricanes Katrina and Rita seriously impacted Louisiana leaving them with large amounts of tree residues in addition to lost trees. Also, plant biosecurity issues came to the forefront for both research and extension. _x000D_ Some research and experiments conducted during the year were in the areas of quantifying the impacts of biobased plant and residues on nutrient management and growth, and on Geographic Information System-Remote Sensing (GIS-RS) supported nonpoint source pollution management. Other research activities were quantifying environmental benefits of urban forests, carbon sequestration, urban forest effects on air quality, and quantifying urban forest effects on Ultra-Violet (UV) exposure in relation to proper vegetation design. Research activities and results were communicated to clientele and potential users through program staff via publications, conferences, workshops, field days, home/office visits, demonstrations and other educational resources. Educational programs such as, hibiscus and tree field day, Arbor Day, and Earth day were organized. A biosecurity conference is scheduled for FY 2007/2008. Also, a collaborative project with Arkansas and Mississippi to preserve wildlife habitat and native grasses started during the year. And, ongoing collaboration with forestry universities in China continued. At the hibiscus and tree field day, Arbor Day, and Earth day citizens gained new knowledge and awareness of issues affecting our environment and some remedial practices that they could utilize. About 90 percent of the participants at the hibiscus and tree field day requested for trees and more information on how to plant and care for trees.  All participants received hibiscus seedlings to plant in their yards. At the Arbor day, 87 percent of the participants gained new knowledge, skills and awareness on the proper ways of planting and caring for trees. Researchers have identified some tree species suitable for absorbing and reducing some effects of UV, carbon dioxide, and other greenhouse gases. 188 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal II.  URBAN FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Southern University and A&M College       LA Louisiana 2.  Percentage of adoption rate for recommendations by clients. Condition Outcome   20   20 2007 40   y   y 45 Urban forests and their effects on society and the environment were increasingly recognized and important, yet little was known about this resource. To have a comprehensive and integrated urban forest resource management system, urban planners need to utilize the full range of technological resources at their disposal to mitigate the effects of air quality, ultraviolet (UV) radiation loads, carbon dioxide, loss of_x000D_ green space and wildlife, urban pest, storm water runoff, rising utility costs, etc.  In 2005, hurricanes Katrina and Rita seriously impacted Louisiana leaving them with large amounts of tree residues in addition to lost trees. Also, plant biosecurity issues came to the forefront for both research and extension. _x000D_ Research and experiments conducted during the year were in the areas of quantifying the impacts of biobased plant and residues on nutrient management and growth, and on Geographic Information System-Remote Sensing (GIS-RS) supported nonpoint source pollution management. Other research activities were quantifying environmental benefits of urban forests, carbon sequestration, urban forest effects on air quality, and quantifying urban forest effects on Ultra-Violet (UV) exposure in relation to proper vegetation design. Research activities and results were communicated to clientele and potential users through program staff via publications, conferences, workshops, field days, home/office visits, demonstrations and other educational resources. Educational programs such as, hibiscus and tree field day, Arbor Day, and Earth day were organized. A biosecurity conference is scheduled for FY 2007/2008. Also, a collaborative project with Arkansas and Mississippi to preserve wildlife habitat and native grasses started during the year. And, ongoing collaboration with forestry universities in China continued. Collaboration with the private sector, such as "Nature's Best, Inc." and other arboricultural companies promoted the utilization of wood waste, especially, the urban wood waste in Louisiana. The last assessment indicated that more than 65% of the homeowners and 85% of the businesses in Louisiana are utilizing some sources of biobased plant residue as mulching materials in their landscaping projects. Research has refined and added new knowledge in the processing of Agricultural production operations carried out in the proximity of urban areas without protection of soil and water resources can result in nonpoint source pollution (NPS). Agriculture, forestry, grazing, septic systems, recreational boating, urban runoff, construction, physical changes to stream channel, and habitat degradation were investigated as potential sources of NPS. The severity of these problems depends on the types of operation, site characteristics, weather conditions and the practices employed. 189 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Livestock Waste Management North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of individuals requesting information Knowledge Outcome 50   0   2007 30 y       40 Individuals who need to come into compliance with state and federal water quality regulations do not always have the information needed to help them decide what they need to do. The awareness of individuals that are impacted by water quality regulations has been increased through public meetings, media pieces and contacts with other technical agencies concerning the information they can get through the ND Nutrient Management Program. Producers with the greatest concern for the impact of their livestock operation on the environment contacted the program for more information. 190 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Livestock Waste Management North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of individuals demonstrating increase in subject knowledge and skills Action Outcome 50   0   2007 100 y       0 Livestock and crop producers that need to adopt better nutrient management practices must have a better understanding of why and how to achieve this. Group and one-on-one meetings with producers have been conducted to teach them about nutrient management best management practices. At this time no evaluation has been conducted to determine the increase in knowledge of these participants. 191 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Livestock Waste Management North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of nutrient management plans written and people trained Action Outcome 50   0   2007 30 y       30 Livestock and crop producers who use livestock manure as a fertilizer need to have a nutrient management plan to ensure proper utilization of the manure. Consultants who work with producers to write nutrient management plans attended group trainings to learn about writing nutrient management plans. NRCS employees and several private consultants can now write nutrient management plans. 192 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Livestock Waste Management North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Estimated dollar value of adopted best management practices Condition Outcome 50   0   2007 75000 y       0 It is assumed that producers who utilize manure as fertilizer and upgrade their livestock facilities will have enhanced profitability because of better management. At this point, planning is underway to develop a survey instrument that will be used with producers who have adopted these practices to delineate the economics of those practices.   193  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Livestock Waste Management North Dakota State University       ND North Dakota Number of nutrient management plans implemented Condition Outcome 50   0   2007 30 y       35 Livestock producers who need an animal feeding operation permit are required to have a nutrient management plan written and implemented. Thirty-five producers have received an animal feeding operation permit from the ND Dept. of Health that included a nutrient management plan. At this point, follow-up evaluation with those who have received a permit is being planned to assess if they fully adopted the nutrient management plan. 194 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Quality and Stewardship West Virginia University       WV West Virginia Knowledge of soil properties (pH, bulk density, electrical conductivity, etc.) required to grow native species on disturbed land - # new species Condition Outcome     20   2007 0     y   0 Unknown; not routinely measured     195  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Quality and Stewardship West Virginia University       WV West Virginia Increased use of poultry litter in turf grass culture- % Knowledge Outcome     20   2007 10     y   0 Unknown unmeasured.     196  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Aquaculture West Virginia State University       WV West Virginia Lower feed costs (%) Knowledge Outcome       5 2007 0       y 0 Lowering feed cost is important to both, fish farmers and fish feed manufacturers. Research is currently being conducted in relation to lowering the feed cost via replacement of fish meal protein with proteins derived from digested poutry waste. Data are currently being analyzed. 197 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Aquaculture West Virginia State University       WV West Virginia Reduce nitrogen and phosphorus in discharge water (%) Action Outcome       5 2007 0       y 0 Lowering the amount of nitrogen and phosphorous in discharged water will lower production operational costs associated with water treatment by fish producers. Trials are being conducted at this time. Data will become avaiable after feeding trials and analyses. 198 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Aquaculture West Virginia State University       WV West Virginia Increased profitability of aquaculture operations (%) Condition Outcome       5 2007 0       y 0 Lowering fish diet costs and reducing aquaculture wastes are important factors to fish farmers and government regulators. Protein replacement experiments have been completed and data analyses are currently taking place. Results will be available after completion of data analyses. 199 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Protect and enhance Maine's natural resources and environment through sustainable stewardship. Condition Outcome 15   15   2007 0 y       0       200  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to assess the impact of your lifestyle Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 40 y       0       201  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate sustainable living principles and practices Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 40 y       0       202  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Describe styles of leadership and their appropriate application Knowledge Outcome 15   15   2007 25 y       0       203  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental Education - Sustainable Living University of Maine       ME Maine Create demonstration model Action Outcome 15   15   2007 0 y       0       204  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Improve the lives of Maine citizens through positive human development, healthy lifestyles and nutrition, and lifelong wellness. Condition Outcome 5   5   2007 0 y       0       205  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Access relevant UMCE publications Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 170 y       3206       206  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to create effective partnerships in communities Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 10 y       0       207  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate how to design, facilitate, run, and maintain a volunteer program Knowledge Outcome 5   5   2007 90 y       0       208  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Enhance the safety, sustainability, and dependability of Maine's food supply Condition Outcome 5   5   2007 0 y       0       209  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Increase the economic and social viability and sustainability of Maine communities Condition Outcome 5   5   2007 0 y       0       210  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Home Horticulture University of Maine       ME Maine Protect and enhance Maine's natural resources and environment through sustainable stewardship Condition Outcome 5   5   2007 0 y       0       211  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Protect and enhance Maine's natural resources and environment through sustainable stewardship Condition Outcome 10   10   2007 0 y       0       212  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate sustainable living principles and practices Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 35 y       0       213  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Describe how to balance ecological, social and economic needs Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 40 y       0       214  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Communities University of Maine       ME Maine Describe ways to reduce climate change Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 60 y       0       215  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Demonstrate knowledge of when and how to obtain a wellwater test Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 25 y       0       216  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Improve the lives of Maine citizens through positive human development, healthy lifestyles and nutrition, and lifelong wellness Condition Outcome 10       2007 0 y       0       217  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Increase the economic and social viability and sustainability of Maine communities Condition Outcome 10       2007 0 y       0       218  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Watershed Management University of Maine       ME Maine Protect and enhance Maine's natural resources and environment through sustainable stewardship Condition Outcome 10       2007 0 y       0       219  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Iowa Pork Industry Center Iowa State University       IA Iowa Number of swine farms to participate in EMS training sessions (cumulative). Knowledge Outcome 10   10   2007 400 y   y   334 Swine producers are undergoing increased scrutiny from external partners in a number of areas.  Concerns about the environment, animal well-being and food safety are major areas of interest to the consumers, retailers, processors, as well as, producers of pork.  Increasingly pork producers are being asked to document their performance in these areas, in many cases with third party verification of the results.  A "Quality Management Systems" approach has been found to be most effective in meeting the producers needs in these areas, as well as, having other benefits such as increased market access, lower cost of production and enhanced employee management capabilities. The IPIC has identified QMS as a priority program for the next period of time.  Working with funding from the Smithfield-State of Iowa settlement, a part-time coordinator has been hired to manage this program.  Areas of potential QMS activities include: environmental management systems, premise ID, national animal identification system, PQA+ certification of producers, ISO9000/14000 certification and other process verification based programs. A pilot group of 12 farms are participating in an Environmental Management System initiation program.  A major program is the PQA+ program coordinated by the National Pork Board.  This requires that producers successfully complete an educational program aimed at insuring the highest food safety and animal well-being results from their farms.  The IPIC has four persons who have become certified PQA+ trainers.  Their job is to train PQA+ advisors, who will then certify producers in this industry based program.  To date, the IPIC has conducted 15+ meetings resulting in more than 200 certified PQA+ advisors.  As producers are required to become PQA+ certified, it will be the job of these advisors to conduct either group or individual training for producers.  To date, three of the major processors in Iowa now require that all suppliers be PQA+ certified within the next three years or sooner.  ISUE and IPIC have the largest and most active program in this area in the nation.  People trained by IPIC in PQA+ include veterinarians, educators, and producers directly. 220 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Iowa Pork Industry Center Iowa State University       IA Iowa Percent of pork producers using manure testing information to manage swine manure application (cumulative). Action Outcome 10   10   2007 25 y   y   50 Livestock nutrients are a valuable resource to farmers, supplying essential nutrients required for crop growth. However, it is also no secret that too much manure or manure improperly handled or land-applied can also be a detriment to soil and water quality. The agriculture community recognizes the need to provide information on regulations, best management practices, and neighbor relations to Iowa's farmers. ISUE field specialists with livestock and agricultural engineering specialties plan and present manure management certification meetings annually, and offer specialized manure management plan educational meetings and sessions on as-needed and as-requested bases in their respective geographical areas. Each year a higher percentage of pork producers test their manure for nutrient composition prior to land application.  The reasons for this include the increasing value of manure dictates that less is wasted, pork producers are most always good stewards of the land and over application could harm water quality, and most producers realize that any over application casts the industry in an unfavorable light.  The Manure Applicator Certification program is especially important in making sure that manure is tested prior to land application.  As more of the acres of Iowa cropland are fertilized with animal nutrients, and more pork producers either qualify for the MAC license or use MAC certified applicators, there is less chance of harming our environment. 221 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Iowa Pork Industry Center Iowa State University       IA Iowa Number of pork producers who adopt more competitive production systems and practices Action Outcome 10   10   2007   y   y   41631 Pork production, like all other agriculture enterprises, requires an ever increasing level of efficiency and product quality to survive and prosper.  To accomplish this, pork producers must continually improve their production systems and practices to meet these goals.  As a Land Grant University, Iowa State University has a broad mission which includes discovery of new technology, assist our client‚'s adoption of these technologies, and to educate our students and industry clients in why these new ideas might help them and how to implement them. Iowa State University has over 50 PhD or DVM scientists working to assist the pork industry of Iowa.  In addition, we have access to technology developed at other locations which may be of service to the pork producers of Iowa.  We also have the largest and most effective information delivery system in the nation.  A coordinated effort between ISU administration, faculty and staff targeting the pork industry of Iowa is ongoing and extremely successful. Only pork producers that adopt more competitive production systems and practices can survive and prosper in the long term.  The IPIC has had direct contact with more than 40,000 participants in the pork industry over the past year.  Major activities (in terms of client contacts) include the Iowa Pork Congress, the World Pork Expo, Farm Progress Show, Iowa Farm Bureau annual convention, regional conferences and one on one interactions with clients.  Another avenue of impact is through the IPIC website and the PorkLine.  Programs of particular success has been the development of materials for assessment of sow condition (more than 5000 distributed worldwide), guides to replacement gilt selection (more than 6000 distributed worldwide), and Sow Longevity Spreadsheets (distributed to producers across Iowa and to 38 foreign countries worldwide). 222 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Urban Gardening University of the Virgin Islands       VI Virgin Islands Number of residents, nonprofit organizations, youth groups, public and private entitites starting compost. Condition Outcome 25       2007 100 y       0       223  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Iowa Beef Center Iowa State University       IA Iowa Percent of feedlots over 100 head capacity that utilize solid manure settling structures or alternative technology treatment systems. Action Outcome 20   20   2007 20 y   y   20 Iowans are increasingly concerned about water quality, and small, open feedlot cattle operations often contribute to this concern.  DNR and NRCS are charged with improving water quality through regulation and technical assistance, respectively. Producers have a strong stewardship ethic, but are often not aware of the specific risk caused by their operations.  Solid settling and practical treatment of feedlot effluent are necessary to protect the water quality from open feedlots. Several field days, tours and meetings have been held for producers to better understand the issue and see practical solutions to common problems.  Research is being conducted on alternative treatment systems, and the results are being shared when available. IBC is a partner with DNR, NRCS, ICA, IDALS to develop an extensive education program for non-permitted feedlots.  A survey will be conducted to determine the current adoption of practices and level of environmental knowledge. A follow-up survey for two events shows that because of information producers gained, they are willing to make changes to their facility and management practices.  Of eleven returned surveys, five changed how they manage their manure handling system in open lots, two modified their manure handling system, one built a new settling basin and stacking area, one replaced an earthen basin with concrete, and four applied for government cost share funds for manure handling structures. 224 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Water and Environmental Quality University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff       AR Arkansas The number of conservation practices utilized by swine farmers as a result of this project. Knowledge Outcome   20   20 2007 3   y   y 5 Local farmers were able to visit the project site and recieve written information regarding the UAPB swine waste treatment system.  They were exposed to information which many were previously not aware of regarding swine waste treatment practices. Many questions were answered and information was disseminated. Farmers were made aware of regulations and practices for both raising swine (a related project by Dr. Gekara) and our demonstration method for dealing with swine waste on the farm.  Policies driving the need for addressing swine waste were also addressed.  Farmers were exposed to aquatic plants that help to deal with the swine effluent and secondary uses for the aquatic plants (varieties of water lilies). 225 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Water and Environmental Quality University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff       AR Arkansas Increase awareness of environmental issues and policies that pertain to operating small swine farms. Knowledge Outcome   20   20 2007 5   y   y 5 Local farmers were able to visit the project site and receive written information regarding the UAPB swine waste treatment system.  They were exposed to information which many were previously not aware of regarding swine waste treatment practices. Many questions were answered and information was disseminated. Farmers were made aware of regulations and practices for both raising swine (a related project by Dr. Gekara) and our demonstration method for dealing with swine waste on the farm.  Policies driving the need for addressing swine waste were also addressed.  Farmers were exposed to aquatic plants that help to deal with the swine effluent and secondary uses for the aquatic plants (varieties of water lilies). 226 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Illinois       IL Illinois Number demonstrating or reporting practice changes. Action Outcome 42   10   2007 2800 y       60 Air and surface water contamination can result from improper livestock manure handling._x000D_ Since implementation 10 years ago of livestock manure management regulations that include required training and certification testing, Extension has been conducting a workshop and an online quiz series to address the regulations administered by the Illinois Department of Agriculture._x000D_ A follow up of certified livestock manager workshop attendees in 2003 found that the practice changes most frequently implemented indicated that 8% increase the frequency of manure testing, 16.7% now regularly notified neighbors prior to manure storage, 27.7% changed/improved manure application methods to be neighbor friendly, and 4.6% change method/type of manure storage.  Using the attendance figures from the past year, results could be extrapolated to indicate that 17 managers increased frequency of manure testing, 36 now regularly notify neighbors prior to manure storage, and 60 changed/improved manure application methods to be neighbor friendly. Ten (10) changed their method/type of manure storage. 227 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - advance development of state of the art integrated waste management systems to the extent that OARDC and Ohio are viewed as one of the top ten programs/states in this area nationally Action Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0 1. Wastewater from animal processing facilities can pose an environmental hazard and without economical and ecological acceptable processing facilities, the industry is at risk._x000D_ 2. Mixing gypsum with dairy manure or biosolids and nitrogen release during composting appear to be associated and have merit for improving composting, thus reducing environmental impact. 1. The feasibility of treating turkey processing wastewater using fixed film column bioreactors that contained either sand layers or a combination of sand and textile layers were evaluated. _x000D_ 2.Impact of mixing gypsum with dairy manure or biosolids on nitrogen release during composting was investigated. 1. OARDC scientists, in order to assess a new wastewater bioreactor treatment technology, passed wastewater samples initially containing 1,010-2,360 mg COD/L and 463-1,250 mg BOD5/L  through bioreactors at 1.5 gallons/ft2/day. The bioreactors reached >95% and >99% removal of COD and BOD5, respectively, within one month of operation. The stable performance data showed that biofilm microorganisms in the bioreactors maintained their activity for over ten months of operation. There was no evidence for clogging of the bioreactors during this study. The first pilot treatment plant in Ohio was constructed and put into operation at a turkey processing plant in Harrison, Ohio. The OSU design was used and results mirror the laboratory findings. Planning is underway to construct a full size treatment plant. This research effort kept the plant from closing saving 130 jobs in rural Ohio._x000D_ 2.Results showed loss of ammonia-N was essentially complete after seven days and ranged from 6.4% for the zero rate control to 2.6-2.8% for the gypsum treatments of 0, 6%, 13% and 23% (dry weight, w/w). Further studies conducted in 210-liter stainless steel vessels over a 28-day period using dairy manure and biosolids treated with or without 17% gypsum (dry weight, w/w) revealed the amount of N lost, as a percentage of that originally present in the compost mix, was 7.27% and 15.6% without gypsum for dairy manure and biosolids, respectively, and 3.62% and 13.6% with gypsum. The difference between the dairy manure and biosolids results is attributed primarily to a lower C:N ratio of the biosolids compared to the dairy manure.  Reduced risk of nitrogen loss during composting of animal manures or biosolids by showing that addition of gypsum could be effective as an ammonia control agent. 228 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - advance the knowledge of ecological based engineered systems for waste management to the extent within five years that, where cost effective and appropriate, they will be adopted over mechanical systems Action Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0 Ecological based engineer systems hold great promise for supporting the goals of sustainable agriculture. Natural treatment systems, including anaerobic digesters, can reduce nutrient levels from many types of ecosystems. Multiple stategies have been explored. OARDC scientists in this area of study have (1) determined which plant species best encourage nitrogen removal in low-cost ecological systems treating waste water; (2) determined how low-cost ecological treatment systems can effectively reduce pathogens in livestock wastewater; and _x000D_ (3) demonstrated how low-cost anaerobic biodigesters can use livestock wastewater as a feedstock to provide renewable energy (methane).This project will improve the environment of watersheds, steams, and rivers, and improve the economic viability of  farms by using wastestreams to produce energy. 229 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - provide appropriate facilities and engineering processes commensurate with fellow research units demands necessary to inform their research efforts in a timely manner Action Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0 For animal science research and the animal industry to prosper, ammonia impacts on air quality must be understood and mitigated. OARDC scientists have developed a tool based on an innovative mass balance approach to predicting ammonia -nitrogen (NH3-N) emissions from livestock facilities Baseline air quality and emission information about Ohio animal facilities have helped to resolve the rising air quality issues and concerns. The data from this study will also help regulatory agency to form appropriate regulations on air quality and air emission from animal feeding operations.  The ammonia estimation tool will supply the Ohio livestock industries with a powerful on-farm NH3 management tool with which will lead to efficient management of NH3 emissions, adoption of management practices and mitigation technologies, reduction of environmental and health impacts of the industries, increased manure value, and viable and sustainable production operations. 230 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Nutrition & Health University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Number of graduate students trained Action Outcome     1   2007 6     y   9       231  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Nutrition & Health University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Number of presentations/posters at regional, national or international conferences or workshops Knowledge Outcome     1   2007 7     y   16 It is primarily other scientists in the discipline and some industry researchers that attend scientific conferences to learn about new and ongoing research and recent discoveries. Workshops are generally attended by end-users interested in application of research results. Sixteen conference and workshop presentations were made. The audiences gained up-to-the-minute knowledge in their respective disciplines. 232 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York Development, Validation, and Costs of Net Energy and Gas Production Model of Anaerobic Digesters Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007       y   0 Daily spreading of manure is under criticism due to environmental impact concerns. Anaerobic digestion is a proven process to reduce offensive manure odors while potentially generating some income. This project examines the economics of digesters in producing alternative energy by producing biogas. The purpose of this study is to assess diversification of dairy farms through production of alternative energy and byproducts. To date, there has been no rational way of determining the energy requirement to optimally operate a digester and to calculate the remaining energy that could be used for other beneficial purposes. The model developed will allow planners, designers, dairy farmers and operators of plug-flow anaerobic digesters to correctly predict the amount of heat energy requirement to operate a digester at different times of the year. Using the model, a dairy farmer will be able to consider the "what ifs" in order to maximize gas production and minimize heat loss. Minimization of heat loss by the system results in making alternative energy source more feasible and reliable for use on farms. The byproducts that can be produced with an anaerobic digestion manure treatment system include: electricity, heat, solids, and maintained nutrient value. It has been reported that dairy farms can produce about 1 kW of power for every seven cows. These benefits may provide a positive return per cow over the life of the digester. Besides, since anaerobic digestion reduces the odors of the effluent enough to eliminate complaints, the nutrient benefits occur as the treated effluent is spread on growing crops. Pathogen reduction is important when doing this to reduce the chance of contaminating the crop. The solid byproducts can be sold as a soil amendment off site, composted and sold as a value added product, used on the farm as bedding or spread on fields. 233 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York Development of Effective Proteases to Enhance Nutritional Values of Low Quality Feed Proteins and to Reduce Environmental Pollution from Poultry Feather By-products Knowledge Outcome 14   14   2007       y   0 Poultry feather is an underutilized by-product from poultry processing. One million tons of feather waste is produced annually in the United States. Although feather contains 70-80% crude protein, only a small portion of feather waste is processed into animal feed because of its poor digestibility. Most of feather waste is dumped or put in landfill, causing environmental concerns. The common method for feather meal processing is autoclaving. However, this method is of limited practical value because of poor digestibility of the final product and high costs of energy and equipment. This project has identified effective proteases to enhance nutritional values of feather and other low-quality proteins, and to reduce their environmental pollution. Results to date have led to two exciting developments, detailed below. We have selected a heat-stable protease and successfully expressed in two yeast systems. We have applied molecular tools to develop more effective protease variants. A major feed/grain company in the Midwest has expressed a strong interest in exploring the commercial application of our technology. The company is working with Cornell Technology Transfer Office to discuss the collaborative strategy and procedure. Additionally, we are collaborating with the Feed Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in producing a effective protease complex for feed application. Our findings have four benefits. First, the enzyme will enable producers to use low-quality, cheap protein sources to meet protein nutrition requirement of animals, saving feed cost. Second, the enzyme will render low-quality protein sources, such as feather, into valuable feed ingredients, preventing them from polluting the environment. Third, the enzyme will help save the high-quality protein source such as soybean meal for human consumption. Finally, an effective protease will allow a feed or biotechnology company to develop a competitive product for a potential large world market. 234 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Our Environment and Home & Urban Landscapes University of Guam       GU Guam Number of Government officials become educated on aspects of the environment Knowledge Outcome 15       2007 10 y       5 Guam Department of Agriculture is a primary contact for educators wishing to find opportunities for expanding student horizons in conservation practices.  Training their Agriculture Development staff and supporting their development of demonstrations provides a body of knowledgeable human resources, teachers and the public can draw on, as well, the demonstrations they offer solid examples using sites they can visit. Guam Department of Agriculture ADS staff have actively worked with the Sanctuary, Inc. "Youth Organic Agriculture" training program and provided a demonstration site (Mangilao Organic Demonstration farm) for youth to work on. Thirty six at-risk teens and young adults were able to work side by side with 5 local government agriculture professionals in an organic demonstration farm using a common curriculum. 235 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Natural Resources & Environment University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Peer Reviewed Publications Knowledge Outcome     2   2007 15     y   17 College and University administration, the scientific community, other funding agencies and proposal reviewers. Results of the projects have been published in seventeen peer reviewed publications, 4 books, 3 MS theses, and numerous symposium abstracts. Peer reviewed publications represent new knowledge.  In addition to disseminating new knowledge to the scientific community and other stakeholders, publications are one indication of research productivity. They enhance the reputation of the NH AES and increase the competitiveness of research proposals for further studies. 236 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Natural Resources & Environment University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Number of Graduate Students trained Knowledge Outcome     2   2007 26     y   28 Graduate students, the college and university, and future employers are interested in a strong graduate program that produces well trained graduates that can fill positions in government, industry and academia. Graduate students were involved in 12 out of the 19 projects and in most cases, the project research was the focus of the students MS thesis. The graduate students whose MS thesis research was based on the project have become experts in the issues addressed. They are likely to have a continued interest in the issue and may pursue additional related studies in the PhD work and future professional studies. 237 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Natural Resources & Environment University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Number in audience of meeting presentations Knowledge Outcome     2   2007 1000     y   0 This data is not available     238  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Natural Resources & Environment University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire CZM manager, environmental resource groups/individuals Knowledge Outcome     2   2007 25     y   0 Coastal zone managers, land use managers, conservation groups, and individuals as well as the members of the other target audienced identified on the "Activities" page for this planned prrogram are interested in the Natural Resource management issues that have been addressed by many of the projects. The Activities page of the Natural Resources and Environment Planned Program summarizes what has been done. Results have been detailed in Outputs, State Defined Outputs and in the responses to the other State Defined Outcomes. 239 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Natural Resources & Environment University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Dissemination of results to land ure planners Knowledge Outcome     2   2007 0     y   0 Land use planners are one sector of the target audiences for many of the projects in this Planned Program. They are interested in the impacts of various management practices, invasive species, accuracy of forest vegetation maps and may of the other project results. Virtually all of the projects are or should be relavant to land use planning.  Project results have been widely disseminated and have either directly or indirectly reached land use planners. As a result of the NH-AES projects land use managers have greater awareness and knowledge of the effect that managment practices might have on species diversity, environmental quality, ecosystem function, invasive species impacts, resource conservation, public perception, and public health. 240 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Natural Resources & Environment University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire websurveys Knowledge Outcome     2   2007 10000     y   8000 Policy makers, consumers, conservation groups and objective information on issues related to public policy. Web based surveys were used as a tool in three projects. They were used extensively to engage, communicate with and obtain input from the public and stakeholders in a study natural resource managment policies effecting a range of issues. They were used to collect public opinion information related to the proposed windfarm construction in Nantucket Sound. Surveys were used in a study of municipal disposal of demolition waste. The design, implementation and evaluation of these tools has engaged stakeholders in a variety of issues facing the management of natural resources. It has provided policy makers with knowedge to make informed decisions on such issues related to ecology, enviromental conservation, windfarm construction and waste disposal 241 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Natural Resources & Environment University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Questionnaire Knowledge Outcome     2   2007 1000     y   0 The outcome related to Questinnaires was covered under the response to Web Surveys.     242  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Nutrition & Health University of New Hampshire       NH New Hampshire Results to NH DES Knowledge Outcome     1   2007 0     y   1 Several of the projects are of interest to NH Department of Environmental Service. Project 8 looked at reovirus detection in biosolids and specifically listed NH DES as its target audience. The project use integrated cell culture and real time PCR to compare Reovirus detection in alkaline stabilized and anaerobically digested biosolids. When the study is complete, a final report will be sent to NH DES. 243 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Animal Systems - Aquaculture Development University of Guam       GU Guam number of participants gaining awareness of emerging aquaculture technology Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 20 y       18 Many individuals involved in various aspects of agriculture do not realize the potential for tilapia production in tank based systems.  This is an enterprise that has potential for diversifying farm income on Guam and for subsistence producers providing a significant amount of fish for the family diet. Cooperating with the Guam Department of Agriculture, a demonstration system was established appropriate for small and backyard producers at a very visible accessible public site. A visible and accessible site now provide residents who might never had considered tilapia production an opportunity to learn how they can grow tilapia right where they live.  Eighteen participants have increased their knowledge on aquaculture technology. 244 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Animal Systems - Aquaculture Development University of Guam       GU Guam Number of participants gaining basic aquaculture knowledge Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 20 y       0       245  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Animal Systems - Aquaculture Development University of Guam       GU Guam Number of individuals adopting enhancements to existing production systems Action Outcome 10       2007 2 y       0       246  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Animal Systems - Aquaculture Development University of Guam       GU Guam Number of individuals adopting new aquaculture technology Action Outcome 10       2007 0 y       1 The water from aquaculture tanks is rich in nutrients.  If it is possible to use it with drip irrigation without clogging the lines this holds potential of providing nutrients to plants as a by product of aquaculture production providing innovative use of current resources for a variety of fruit and vegetable production. A demonstration system was established in the village of Dededo showing how using a settlement tank and disk filtered water from tilapia tank systems can be used to irrigate crops. One aquaculture producer has adopted new aquaculture technology from information and assistance provided by CES.  The system is being run to demonstrate it's long term feasibility for interested producers. 247 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal The New Farmer: Agriculture for the Next Generation University of Guam       GU Guam # of Chamorro Land Trust Commission lease holders participating in workshops and field day activities Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 20 y       13 The need for outreach programs on traditional and innovative conservation and production practices is highlighted by the number of new farms on Guam spurred by  the Chamorro Land Trust agricultural lease program.  These new farmers have limited farming experience. A "Fruit Tree Windbreak Workshop", Guam Department of Agriculture's Dededo breeding station open house, and a chicken tractor workshop was held. Thirteen agriculture land lease holders have increased knowledge, understanding and skills of conservation and production practices. 248 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal The New Farmer: Agriculture for the Next Generation University of Guam       GU Guam # of farmers adopting recommended demonstrated practices Action Outcome 10       2007 4 y       5 The absence of sites demonstrating conservation best management practices, awareness of financing options along with limited farmer-to-farmer discussions on the "nuts and bolts" and benefits of implementing conservation best management practices limits farmer ability to  capitalize on new and innovative ways to farm.  Because Guam is a small island our land area for farming and limited water supply is threatened by harmful farming practices.  Producers, consumers and the whole island community will be affected when water supplies decrease or become contaminated by chemicals and other substances.  It is crucial to educate farmers and producers on conservation practices as well as source and access funding for them to employ and adopt the best management practices that conserve natural resources while still yielding an economic benefit. Workshops and field days were held on three demonstration sites which included bus tours to other farms. Extension publications were developed and interagency sharing of technical expertise between the Guam Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service and NRCS has been extremely effective. Five farmers adopted several recommended demonstration practices like mulching, composting, and windbreaks. In addition to farmers, Guam Community College, Guma Mami, and Sanctuary have also adopted these practices. 249 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal The New Farmer: Agriculture for the Next Generation University of Guam       GU Guam # of participants in Demonstration Farm workshops and field days Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 60 y       180 Demonstration farms are an important tool in educating our stakeholders in conservation programs and practices.  A lack of farm community exposure to conservation programs and practices due in part to the absence of demonstration sites that farmers can easily visit has limited our efforts. Workshops at two farm demonstration sites were held this reporting year.  Bus tours were offered to two established farmers who are currently under the EQIP program One hundred and eighty participants have increased knowledge and understanding of conservation practices.  Through initial exposure at the demonstration farms, farmers have adopted practices such as windbreaks and mulching. Additional workshops, not previously planned, were conducted to address the high demand for education on windbreaks and mulching. 250 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Program in Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University       WA Washington Initiate laboratory bench research on processing 2 agricultural feedstocks to produce new products, new energy sources, etc. Knowledge Outcome     5   2007 2     y   1 Adding agricultural feedstocks to produce new products and energy sources will be of significant benefit to growers in developing new uses for products and to consumers in developing new ways to produce energy sources. Work has begun on using microorganisms to digest wheat straw into ethanol. The work is in its preliminary stages and has produced promising results using both fungi and bacteria to digest straw. 251 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental and Water Quality Impacts University of Tennessee Tennessee State University     TN Tennessee Baseline environmental data for dairy operations Knowledge Outcome 0 0 8   2007       y   0 Many animal impact studies start with already-compromised locations.  Due to a relocation, we have had the opportunity to develop baseline data on a site before the introduction of a dairy herd. Data loggers and meauring and sampling devices have been installed at strategic water locations on UT property and an aquatic survey has been conducted to inventory fish and aquatic insect numbers. Animals are not present now, but the baseline data is now available for when animals are introduced. 252 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental and Water Quality Impacts University of Tennessee Tennessee State University     TN Tennessee Persistence and ecological impact of herbicides Knowledge Outcome 0 0 8   2007       y   0 Herbicides are a mainstay of U.S. agriculture, but concerns remain about their persistence and impact offsite, and over time. BioSep beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a highly diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. We monitored shifts in microbial community structure due to in situ enrichment. This research will result in an improved ability to assess the persistence and ecological impact of these economically important herbicides such as atrazine._x000D_ 253 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Environmental and Water Quality Impacts University of Tennessee Tennessee State University     TN Tennessee Subsurface sewage disposal Action Outcome 0 0 8   2007       y   0 The 2002 draft of the U. S. EPA 303(d) list for Tennessee shows 32 stream segments that are impaired due (in part) to failing or leaking septic systems. Systems fail because the design, installation, operation and/or maintenance were not compatible with the limitations of available soil resources. An extensive review of Tennessee's subsurface sewage disposal rules found many inconsistencies in the loading rates assigned to various disposal field products. Regulations need to provide a soil-based loading rate. On December 7, 2007, the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation's Division of Ground Water Protection announced a series of public hearings concerning rule-changes for subsurface sewage disposal. 254 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Program in Biological Systems Engineering Washington State University       WA Washington Hire one faculty member ot expand research in biofuels and bioproducts engineering Knowledge Outcome     5   2007 0     y   1 The department needs another faculty member in this area in order to provide sufficient expertise to move forward in this general area of research. The department conducted a thorough search and found suitable candidates.  The department and the college made an offer to a candidate and he accepted. A new, very promising faculty member was hired. 255 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal 4.3 Waste Management and Prevention Cornell University NY State Agricultural Experiment Station     NY New York Household Hazardous Waste Collection Condition Outcome 14   14   2007   y       0 Tire stockpiles and proper hazardous waste disposal are two issues that every community has to deal with.  Schuyler County being a rural small county has no local disposal option for these materials.  Hazardous waste often ends up in the garbage and tires are stockpiled or tossed in roadside ditches creating a health concern as well as an environmental concern. Extension recognized the problem was two fold, lack of disposal locations as well as lack of knowledge.  To combat the lack of knowledge, several brochures were developed on proper waste disposal, recycling, waste reduction, and alternatives to household hazardous substances.  To combat the lack of disposal locations Extension worked with the County to implement a county wide recycling/collection day that would include the recycling of electronics and tires and the collection and proper disposal of hazardous materials. Over 130 households participated in the collection event keeping 4,534 tons of electronics, 1,000 tires, and several tons of hazardous waste out of area landfills.  More County residents are aware of the program and will hold on to hazardous materials until the next collection event instead of throwing it in the garbage. 256 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biotechnology and Biodiversity North Carolina A&T State University       NC North Carolina # of licenses of current patents Condition Outcome       20 2007 0       y 0       257  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biotechnology and Biodiversity North Carolina A&T State University       NC North Carolina # of filings for intellectual property Condition Outcome       20 2007 0       y 0       258  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal A quality Environment and Effective Natural Resource Management University of Nebraska       NE Nebraska Livestock producers will continue to gain knowledge and awareness of appropriate practices to manage livestock manure. Knowledge Outcome 17   17   2007 400 y   y   5350 Individuals involved in public policy issues, animal production, and delivery of technical services for confined animal systems need on-demand access to the nation's best science-based resources.  This information is critical to preparing and implementing good public policy and to advising animal producers on nutrient and manure management decisions.  Access to such information is generally limited through traditional continuing education opportunities and published resources. The Livestock Environmental Learning Center is a national project involving individuals from 20+ land grant universities, USEPA, USDA, and USGS.  This team, co-lead by UNL faculty, published a monthly newsletter, hosted 10 web cast workshops , and published the eXtension web site for animal manure issues (http://www.extension.org/animal+manure+management). _x000D_ _x000D_ Extension staff has installed 31 on-farm demonstrations of appropriate technologies for small livestock farms and hosted 7 workshops in 2007. As of February 2008, the Learning Center has hosted 17 web cast seminars on animal manure management issues for a national audience.  The comments received in the post-web cast evaluations are overwhelmingly positive. Thirty-four national experts from 14 universities, US EPA, USDA (ARS, CSREES, and NRCS), and USGS have contributed to the web casts.  Approximately 1700 individuals have viewed the live webcasts.  Archived webcast were viewed approximately 1100 times.  The average individual viewing a live webcast reports that they interact with 139 producers during a calendar year. 80% of participants use the workshop for continuing education, 60% for public policy development or implementation. 50% for producer recommendations, and 40% in nutrient planning. Participants are primary from regulatory agencies, extension, USDA, private sector consultants, or agricultural or environmental agencies and represent all parts of the US and Canada. 259 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal A quality Environment and Effective Natural Resource Management University of Nebraska       NE Nebraska Livestock producers will develop comprehensive nutrient management plans (CNMPs) and use best management practices for livestock manure handling and storage. Action Outcome 17   17   2007 300 y   y   662 Nutrient management plans (NMPs) are the foundation for environmental stewardship in livestock operations.  NMPs are an essential expectation for cost share assistance through NRCS and required for USEPA and state of Nebraska permitting programs. Extension specialists and educators conducted 21 training events enabling 660 AFO operators to better understand concepts underlying manure use planning and to enhance their skill in developing and implementing the plans. The skills taught include using the P-index, understanding relevant regulations, calibrating equipment and testing manure, identifying location of setbacks, calculating nutrients available, calculating nutrients needed, preparing an annual plan, and identifying records needed. Twenty-one training events were attended by 660 AFO operators. This included 169 participants in the CNMP program which represented an average one-time livestock capacity of 753,529 cattle, 280,529 swine and nursery pigs, 5 million poultry, and nearly 1200 acres/farm of cropland.  The additional 491 participants attended workshops targeting the value of manure and implementation of the Phosphorus Index. _x000D_ _x000D_ Most producers (97 %) expect the CNMP program will improve their compliance with environmental regulations and reduce fertilizer expenses (90 %). Nearly half will increase the land used for manure application (reduce application rate). When asked about  skills taught in class, 97% felt they could identify issues or situations where manure application regulations applied to their farm, 96% could calculate nitrogen and phosphorus credit from manure, 97% could calculate the nutrients needed by a crop, and 94% could identify records needed for maintaining a permit. 260 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Ag: High Rainfall and Irrigated Cropping Systems Oregon State University       OR Oregon Improvement in Air, Soil and Water Parameters Resulting from Application of New Technologies (% Improvement) Condition Outcome 10       2007 5 y       40 Food processing plants in Oregon produce nutrient-laden wastewater containing nitrates and other compounds that threaten the quality of surface and ground water resources.  Reused water can be a valuable resource for crop production because the growing plants can extract and utilize nitrogen and other processing by products.  The challenge is to apply nutrients to the crops at rates matching their ability to take up the nutrients, leaving no excess to leach to ground water or run off to surface water. Extension faculty contributed to the development of science-based plans to optimize wastewater use while minimizing environmental impacts.  This program educates food processors and growers who irrigate about the value and appropriate use of this resource. Wastewater from food processing plants was applied at agronomic and environmentally sustainable rates to 50,000 acres of Oregon cropland.  This turned nutrient-rich wastewater, formerly an environmental liability, into a plant-nutrient assest valued at almost $1 million a year.  Estimated costs for regulations-imposed wasterwater treatment technology would have added $4.5 to 6 million of annual operating costs to the larger wastewater producers.  Growers receiving the effluent enjoy a triple benefit:  it benefits their crops, it saves fertilizer costs, and it helps keep growers' markets viable by eliminating a threat to the processors with whom they contract. 261 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Soil and Water Quality Program Northern Marianas College       CM Northern Marianas Number of households learning to safely use Rain-catchments systems Condition Outcome 30   30   2007 2 y       2 The CNMI gets an annual rainfall of 42 inches per year representing a huge resource that exists and underutilized in the area.  Furthermore, water quality and quantity issues plague the islands as water reservoirs are limited in size and very vulnerable to contamination. Rain-catchments outreach efforts continued this year through efforts to inform the public about the use of rain catchments for animal shelters such as piggeries and such.  Furthermore, the Water Quality team has prepared and distributed rain catchment safety materials as events such as the NMC-CREES open house, Department of Environmental Quality Expo, and at other venues. No results are currently available regarding the number of households that are currently using rain catchments. 262 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Soil and Water Quality Program Northern Marianas College       CM Northern Marianas Number of farmers using Dry Litter Waste Management Systems for Hogs Condition Outcome 30   30   2007 2 y       5 Water resources on the islands are limited in quantity and are at a great risk of becoming contaminated by animal waste run-off coming from piggeries.  Leptosporosis, which can exist in pig waste and can be distributed via piggery runoff, poses a threat to human health as has been observed in Samoa. As an alternative to the conventional spray out system for swine waste management, the dry litter waste management system for hogs has been promoted to protect surface and groundwater resources from   contamination and provide farmers with a useful fertilizer, compost, for crop production.  In 2007 the Palau piggery demonstration was completed and is prepared for utilization and documentation for inclusion into the piggery bliss video, which will soon be disseminated across the region.  Agents also participated in the design of a dry piggery that has been constructed in Guam.  Furthermore, agents participated in the design and promotion of the dry system which has resulted in two farmers who have applied for assistance under the NRCS EQIP program to facilitate the construction of dry piggery waste management systems on their farms. As it stands, now there are 5 farmers utilizing the Dry Litter waste management system for hogs.   With two more currently in the design stage. 263 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Soil and Water Quality Program Northern Marianas College       CM Northern Marianas Number of farmers or members of the community learning to compost animal wastes, yard scraps, etc… Condition Outcome 30   30   2007 15 y       12 Due to the heavy rainfall received here in the islands during rainy season or storm events, erosion is a major issue as soils are swept into the ocean during periods of heavy rainfall.  This activity has the potential to suffocate corals at the receiving end of watersheds and reduce agriculture production on lands where run-off is most heavy. Composting demonstrations continued this year with the utilization of waste materials from the dry litter piggery demonstration and tree litter generated from the fruit tree repository.  The compost demos are visited by farmers, gardeners and students at any time, but certainly during the NMC-CREES Open house, field days and other events. There are at least 12 households and farms that have begun to compost yard scraps and/or animal waste materials instead of the traditional method of removal, dumping or burning. 264 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Soil and Water Quality Program Northern Marianas College       CM Northern Marianas Number of farmers using Sustainable Agriculture techniques (best management practices) such as cover cropping, mulching, rotational grazing, no-till farming, composting, etc… Condition Outcome 30   30   2007 2 y       25 Soil structure improvement and increase soil fertility can greatly improve agriculture production and protect soil and water resources through the use of sustainable agriculture practices. Conservation practices such as pasture management, composting, animal waste management, mulching and other techniques have been promoted at various events and through one on one consultation with farmers. A minimum of 15 farmers, ranchers, and gardeners have begun to use sustainable agriculture practices as a result of outreach and demonstration efforts. 265 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Greenhouse and Floriculture Systems and Marketing (Extension) Ohio State University       OH Ohio Change the way greenhouse businesses currently operate to adopt research-based information to improve efficiency of production, increase worker safety, decrease environmental pollution. Evaluation will be done as described for short-term outcomes plus statistics at the State and Federal levels. Action Outcome 5   5   2007 0 y       0 Industry is feeling pressure to be sustainable and environment friendly. Group educational programs, individual visits, workshops, e-mail publications Growers' interest on the issue is on the raise based on number of questions received by the professionals and educators in our team.  We did not have a quantitative target for 2007 266 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - develop enhanced systems to support integrated plant growth systems that will annually result in increased productivity at reduced costs for the industry Action Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0       267  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - improve systems to that will permit small farmers to take advantage of alternatives to traditional commodity crops at a rate commensurate with demand, with an expectation of at least three economically successful adoptions per year Action Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0       268  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - improve mechanical devices and instrumentation needed by stakeholders to the extent that no less than one patent is awarded within each five year period Knowledge Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0       269  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - develop improved systems to aid in meeting new or yet to emerge or novel needs and annually demonstrate progress to at least one stakeholder group or publish a peer-reviewed journal article of the results Action Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0       270  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering Systems-OARDC Led Ohio State University       OH Ohio - aid rural stakeholders through research and extension with onsite waste disposal systems to the extent that within ten years 95% of all rural Ohio onsite waste management systems meet state standards_x000D_ - Action Outcome 50   50   2007 0     y   0       271  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient Management/Water Quality Mississippi State University       MS Mississippi Number of producers adopting new technologies, strategies, or systems. Action Outcome 15   15   2007 300 y   y   152       272  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient Management/Water Quality Mississippi State University       MS Mississippi Number of producers improving their environmental stewardship. Condition Outcome 15   15   2007 240 y   y   61       273  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Soil and Water Quality North Carolina A&T State University       NC North Carolina Development of water treatment (wetlands) for small-scale farmers Condition Outcome       8 2007 0       y 0       274  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Dairy University of Wisconsin       WI Wisconsin Agribusiness professionals and dairy producers will learn strategies that improve dairy operations. Action Outcome 10       2007 3300 y       3475 Mastitis is the most costly disease of dairy cattle, reducing protein in milk, cheesemaker yields, shelf life, palatability, and dairy farm income. Treating mastitis and discarding the milk -- or culling the cow from the herd -- can cost farmers dearly. In most developed dairy countries, milk quality is measured by the somatic cell count, and the bacterial count ("standard plate count" or SPC) in pre-pasteurized bulk tank milk. Somatic cells are mainly white blood cells that function as early warning signals when bacteria such as those causing mastitis invade the udder. Commercial buyers consider milk containing less than 200,000 somatic cells per milliliter (SCC/ml) "good" quality. Since 2001, the UW-Extension Dairy Team Cow Care Work Group, UW-Madison Dairy Science Department and Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board helped 478 dairy producers establish local milk quality teams, pulling together appropriate professionals to assess and address an individual producer's milk quality problems. While WMMB funding ceased at the end of June, dairy producers still have access to local milk quality teams in counties offering this resource through their UW Extension office. County dairy and agriculture agents work with producers, veterinarians, nutrition consultants, experts on housing and milking equipment, farm service professionals and others to develop a comprehensive approach to improving milk quality. _x000D_ _x000D_ More than 1,300 dairy producers, agribusiness, extension and university personnel registered as program participants. UW-Extension agents have led about 80% of milk quality teams and participated in 1,500 Milk Quality team meetings. Milk quality educators trained more than 130 veterinarians, dairy plant field staff, dairy cooperatives and other agri-business professionals as team leaders who participated in 540 team meetings and 40 trainings for producers. For example, Ken Bolton (35% Milk Money Program through June supported 11 local milk quality teams in 2007, trained 23 Spanish-speaking dairy workers on udder anatomy, 13 county agents on team facilitation, and 175 Guatamalan Dairy Congress participants, while helping update the Milk Money manual. The web site has grown as an industry resource, receiving 8,000 user hits per day as of May 2007: http://www.uwex.edu/milkquality By 2007, 478 farms participated in the Milk Money team process in Wisconsin. As a result, producers adopted best management practices such as performing bulk tank cultures; culturing for clinical mastitis; keeping better treatment records; developing standard, written milking routines; wearing gloves during milking; training Spanish-speaking workers in best practices, consulting with dairy professionals and using team management. After 4 months in the program, the average farm dropped their bulk tank somatic cell count by about 77,000 SCC/ml and increased income by $1,650 per month. From 2000 to 2006, the Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) average bulk tank counts for Wisconsin dairy herds dropped from 306,000 to 258,000 SCC/ml, while the California state DHIA average increased from 248,000 to 291,000 SCC/ml. 275 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Dairy University of Wisconsin       WI Wisconsin Farmers, non-farmers and elected officials will increase their knowledge and understanding of land use planning and livestock facilities site legislation, best practices, and options for their local communities. Action Outcome 10       2007 1900 y       183 To curb conflict and protect water resources as suburbs and dairy farms expand, the Wisconsin legislature enacted the Livestock Facilities Siting Law -- Wisconsin Act 235, implemented in 2006 by predictable uniform standards defined in Wisconsin Administrative Code Chapter ATCP 51. This law can only be applied where communities adopt zoning ordinances for siting large dairy or livestock operations with 500 or more animal units -- at 1,000 pounds per AU, about 360 Holstein cows. County agriculture and community development educators collaborated with Discovery Farms, Local Government Center and Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection colleagues to provide research-based educational materials and programs that built capacity among community leaders, farmers and their non-farm neighbors for making local decisions and new ordinances consistent with state law. About 2,000 elected and appointed officials from 47 counties -- town and county supervisors, zoning administrators, planning commissioners, assessors, conservationists and other officials -- learned about the state's new Livestock Facilities Siting Law. Workshop series in Waupaca, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Calumet and Kewaunee counties helped local officials weigh considerations for adopting the new technical standards. Working with educational partners to engage public participation in achieving a measurable, agreed-on regulatory process, UW-Extension educators address the needs of both farmers and rural communities, build local capacity to meet these needs, and support community action. The 22 participating county educators reported that 9 towns or counties have adopted new zoning ordinances, and 6 more are in process. These ordinances protect public health and safety by establishing standards and procedures for issuing licenses for new and expanded livestock and waste storage facilities. 276 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Dairy University of Wisconsin       WI Wisconsin Dairy producers and support businesses will explore, learn and adopt modernization options and management practices that result in lower costs and/or increased productivity in their dairy enterprises. Action Outcome 10       2007 12000 y       7852 For Wisconsin's 10,000 farmers still milking in old-fashioned tie stall barns, staying in business means replacing or converting aging buildings. Yet reinvesting hundreds of thousands of dollars in a new milking parlor, freestall barn and manure handling system remains cost-prohibitive for some and too great a risk for others. The UW-Extension Dairy Team Modernization Work Group offers options and planning support to help producers make sound financial decisions and cut costs. Small-scale, risk-averse and beginning farmers get help with business planning, adopting managed rotational grazing, specializing in a more profitable niche market, and modernizing with a more labor efficient system such as a low-cost retrofit milking parlor or freestall barn. As a result, new and retrofit facilities are improving herd health, efficiency and profitability statewide, and easing the backbreaking labor of milking cows._x000D_ _x000D_ Led by agriculture development agent Tom Cadwallader, the new Wisconsin School for Beginning Dairy and Livestock Farmers is demonstrating the importance of local facilitation in providing a place to meet and network in a positive learning environment. In 2007, the joint UW-Extension, UW-Marathon County Spooner Agriculture Research Station and Madison Area Technical College program reached 96 beginning farmers at 5 sites combining online instruction with local facilitation and co-taught with area farmers. Based on 46 on-farm visits in 2007, new Northern Wisconsin dairy agent Sam Zimmermann wrote 24 recommendations that included computer-assisted drawings of building layouts, aerial photos, herd tables, milking parlor plans and written proposals based on University recommendations. Zimmermann reached another 72 producers at a tri-county Compost Barn Workshop and Tour, He keeps current dairy modernization virtual tours and photo galleries showing how dairy farms improved facilities as a result of UW-Extension education: http://marathon.uwex.edu/ag/modern/index.html 277 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Dairy University of Wisconsin       WI Wisconsin Dairy producers will better understand their Hispanic employees, improve their management of these employees, and increase their requisite job-related knowledge and skills. Action Outcome 10       2007 100 y       445 As dairy producers update their facilities and add more cows to their herds, they need consistent, reliable employees trained in modern dairy practices. Needs Assessments conducted in Brown and Outagamie Counties confirmed that farm safety is a major concern, yet no safety program existed. Skid steer farm accidents are common, sometimes resulting in death. As more farms employ Spanish-speaking workers and run skid steer loaders around the clock, bilingual safety trainings are also needed. Led by Outagamie County dairy and livestock agent Zen Miller, the Dairy Team Hispanic Labor Work Group has developed bilingual Dairy Worker Trainings in Spanish and English to help producers communicate key concepts for improving milking, reproductive care, calf management and herdsmanship skills including helping cows with calving and fresh cow exams. In 2007, Sheboygan County dairy and livestock agent Tina Kohlman partnered with her neighboring technical college on seven trainings for more than 200 mostly Spanish-speaking dairy workers. The bilingual Dairy Partner/El Compa±ero newsletter reinforces these trainings, reaching 2,000 employees on 550 Northeast Wisconsin farms and published online by Fond du Lac County dairy and livestock agent Paul Dyk: http://www.uwex.edu/ces/cty/fonddulac/ag/dairy.html _x000D_ _x000D_ The curriculum developers added bilingual modules on driver, machinery and animal handling safety. Brown County Agriculture Educator Mark Hagedorn and Zen Miller developed a pilot bilingual safety training on skid steer loaders. Supervised students participated in an outside skills course to reinforce what they learned in class. Trainers reinforced good safety habits and pointed out lapses in operator skills. Bilingual dairy worker training modules produced with the Babcock Institute for International Dairy Research and Development are available at: http://babcock.cals.wisc.edu/dwt/dwt.lasso Since 2004, more than 500 Spanish-speaking dairy workers have attended bilingual Dairy Worker Trainings. Evaluation results show that participants made large gains in skill level and knowledge. Bilingual trainings help transcend communication barriers to the benefit of both English-speaking employers and Spanish-speaking workers. From the 2007 pilot safety training, evaluations indicated that pre-inspection, driving, maintenance and over all knowledge increased. Participants asked for more hands on training in switching skid steer attachments and lifting different loads. The trainers are using this feedback to improve farm safety trainings for next spring. 278 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Dairy University of Wisconsin       WI Wisconsin Participants will increase awareness about the importance of the relationships between agriculture, local government, rural residents and environmental and recreational pursuits. Action Outcome 10       2007 97000 y       10279 n/a n/a n/a 279 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Ag: Small Farms and "Natural" and Organic Production Systems Oregon State University       OR Oregon Increase in number of farms that are using best management practices leading to reduced nutrient loading of surface water and soil erosion. Action Outcome 10       2007 100 y       87 Over 50% of all farms in Oregon are less than 50 acres in size but still constitute an important contribution to the economy and represent an important group of people needing assistance with management of natural resources. Living on the Land trainings used a variety of delivery methods to teach management practices for achieving small farm stewardship, with emphasis on water and soil. In a follow up survey 176 best management practices were planned for implementation on private land in the Marys River and Long Tom River watersheds as a result of the program.  89% of the participants had already implemetned at least 1 practice since the training. 280 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustaining greater harmony between agriculture and the environment Auburn University Alabama A&M University Tuskegee University   AL Alabama Estimated tourism receipts = $7.6 billion in 2005.  Success of this program will result in maintenance or increase in revenue (medium term outcome). Action Outcome     8 8 2007 0     y y 0       281  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustaining greater harmony between agriculture and the environment Auburn University Alabama A&M University Tuskegee University   AL Alabama Fish consumption advisories in sampled waters = 26 instances in 2004 (ADEM water board).  Success of this program will result in decline of water contaminants that accumulate in fish, and consumption advisories will also subsequently decline. (Long-term outcome) Condition Outcome     8 8 2007 25     y y 20       282  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustaining greater harmony between agriculture and the environment Auburn University Alabama A&M University Tuskegee University   AL Alabama Incidence of ground water contamination of ~ 5000 sampled sites = 20% in 2002-2003.  Success of this program will result in a decline of contaminant incidence (medium term outcome). Action Outcome     8 8 2007 0     y y 0       283  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Ecosystem and Environmental Quality and Management Oklahoma State University       OK Oklahoma Peer-reviewed publications Action Outcome 6   14   2007 12 y   y   15 Publication of research results in peer review journals is the main method of validating research results and disseminating the information to other professionals. Research scientists submitted manuscripts to be published in peer review journals, books and meeting procedures. More than 15 manuscripts were published during the year. 284 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal SOILS AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY University of Delaware Delaware State University     DE Delaware Increased number of farmers and other land managers adopting advances in soil management practices that will build soil quality, increase plant productivity, enhance the beneficial re-use of agricultural, municipal, and industrial by-products (manures, biosolids, residuals) in a variety of land use settings, and prevent nonpoint nutrient pollution of ground and surface waters, particularly for phosphorus and nitrogen. Action Outcome 10 10 10 10 2007 0 y y     0       285  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal SOILS AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY University of Delaware Delaware State University     DE Delaware Environmental Quality: applied research and extension programming will provide guidance on profitable, environmentally sound management of soils at all spatial scales, from the individual field to the watershed. The emphasis will be on cost-effective strategies and management practices that can prevent nonpoint nutrient pollution, soil erosion, and contaminant transport (metals, organics, pathogens) from agriculture and suburbanized landscapes. Condition Outcome 10 10 10 10 2007 0 y y y y 0       286  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Management of Natural Resources New Mexico State University       NM New Mexico % of people adopting NMSU recommendations Action Outcome 8   0   2007 40 y       0       287  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Management of Natural Resources New Mexico State University       NM New Mexico Successful natural resource management policies implemented Condition Outcome 8   0   2007 0 y       0       288  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Agriculture University of the Virgin Islands       VI Virgin Islands Increased number of farmers who use sustainable agriculture practices Condition Outcome 10       2007 10 y       15 Vegetables, tropical fruits, herbs and small livestock producers; members of farming organizations; home gardeners; and residents are interested in the use of sustainable agriculture production practices. The advantages of using these practices are important, especially as it relates to local production and the benefits derived regarding environmental protection and food safety. Producers are interested in instilling confidence in consumers concerning the local food production systems. An enhanced quality of life for producers, residents and visitors is important to everyone. A series of 6-week training courses were conducted related to sustainable agriculture production practices for a wide range of vegetable, fruits, herbs and small livestock. Producers have increased their knowledge of sustainable agriculture practices and more farmers are now implementing the production practices they have learnt as a part of their farming operations. 289 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Sustainable Agriculture University of the Virgin Islands       VI Virgin Islands Increased number of sustainable agriculture practices conducted by individual producers Knowledge Outcome 10       2007 5 y       11 Vegetables, tropical fruits, herbs and small livestock producers; members of farmer organizations; home gardeners; agriculture professionals; and residents all care about increased local food production to meet consumer demands and consumer preferences. Producers and other residents are concerned that production practices are sustainable and environmentally friendly. A series of training courses and demonstrations related to sustainable agriculture were conducted, covering a wide range of crops (vegetables, tropical fruits, and herbs) and small livestock production practices. Producers (both crop and small livestock) have not only increased their overall production but have also increased the number of sustainable agriculture practices utilized on their farms. IPM practices, especially for internal parasite of small ruminants, was widely adopted by most small livestock producers who attended the training courses related to that topic. A number of producers have also adopted practices related to the efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources. 290 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Aquaculture University of the Virgin Islands       VI Virgin Islands Number of new farmers anywhere adopting aquaponic technology Condition Outcome     30   2007 1     y   5 Farmers who establish aquaponic systems want to know the best varieties and production levels of various crops. Four varieties of cantaloupe were grown in a commercial-scale aquaponic system in three staggered crop cycles.  The initial seeding in the greenhouse was August 21 with subsequent seeding at two week intervals.  Seedlings were transplanted from the greenhouse into the system after two weeks.  Plant density on the aquaponic rafts was 0.67/m2.  The hydroponic growing area (214 m2) was organized into blocks (8.9 m2), and each block was randomly assigned a variety and transplant date. Biological pest controls were used to prevent infestation with caterpillars and aphids. Harvests began 70 days after transplanting and continued for 50 days to December 19. Total production (kg/m2) for the three harvests was 31.0 for Jaipur 18.6 for Primo, 13.8 for Ambrosia and 0.2 for Honey Bun. Total number of fruits (#/m2) for the three harvests was 11.2 for Jaipur, 9.2 for Primo, 7.8 for Ambrosia and 0.2 for Honey Bun.  Production declined considerably between the first and the second two plantings for three most productive varieties, possibly resulting from a decrease day length and/or nutrient concentrations. The variety Honey Bun succumbed to fungus caused by heavy rains. Jaipur produced the highest number of fruits and the largest fruits. However, Jaipur's large fruit size made it less marketable. 291 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Aquaculture - Biofloc systems University of the Virgin Islands       VI Virgin Islands Number of new farmers anywhere adopting aquaponic technology Action Outcome     20   2007 1     y   0 Farmers in the Virgin Islands are very interested in shrimp culture. A biofloc system has been developed for the production of tilapia in large (1/20 acre) tanks. If a polyculture system involving tilapia and shrimp could be developed and demonstrated to increase profitability, farmers would be interested in adopting this technology. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of polyculture of monosex male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and two densities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on growth, total production, and water quality in a low-salinity, biofloc system. The experiment was conducted in six, 30-m3 tanks and consisted of two treatments with three replicates each. Treatments were: low-density polyculture (LDP) and high-density polyculture (HDP). A commercially available sea salt (Crystal Sea(r) Marinemix) was added to each tank to achieve a salinity of 5 parts per thousand. All tanks contained four, 1-m3 cages. One-hundred male tilapia (average weight = 116 g) were stocked into each cage. Additionally, the LDP and HDP treatments were stocked with shrimp (PL20) at a rate of 100 shrimp/m3 and 200 shrimp/m3, respectively. Fish were fed ad libitum a 32% protein floating diet twice daily for twenty minutes and shrimp were fed three times daily based on a feed chart using a 30% protein shrimp diet. Water quality parameters were measured biweekly. Shrimp were sampled biweekly to determine growth rates. There was no significant difference in water quality between the two treatments for parameters measured. There was a significantly higher average weight of tilapia in HDP (586 g) compared to LDP (550 g). There was no significant difference in tilapia FCR (1.5) or survival (99%) between treatments. Tilapia production was significantly higher in the HDP (7.7 kg/m3) compared to the LDP (7.3 kg/m3). There was no significant difference in shrimp average weight (14.3 and 12.5 g) with the LDP and HDP, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival (6%), shrimp production (0.1 kg/m3), or FCR (15.0) between treatments. Total tank production was significantly higher in HDP (7.9 kg/m3) compared to LDP (7.6 kg/m3). There was no significant difference in overall FCR (1.6) between the two treatments. _x000D_ _x000D_ Results showed the temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, alkalinity, and hardness were optimal for shrimp and tilapia growth. However, nitrogenous waste levels were persistently high throughout the experiment for low-salinity shrimp culture, and the total suspended solids levels were low for a biofloc system. Confined tilapia are unable to effectively resuspend solids in the production system. Total suspended solids, an important component to the success of a biofloc system, create a three-dimensional area for nitrifying bacteria to colonize and metabolize wastes. As a result of low total suspended solids concentrations, nitrogenous waste levels were sub-optimal for shrimp survival throughout the experiment. It appeared that tilapia preyed on juvenile shrimp upon stocking. The Three fourth inch cage mesh size allowed tilapia to consume juvenile shrimp that passed through the mesh. Shrimp bioassays were performed in all tanks for the experiment's duration. Shrimp survival averaged 60% in the bioassays, further demonstrating that predation occurred and resulted in far more shrimp mortality than sub-optimal water quality parameters. _x000D_ 292 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Whole Farm Systems Research University of the Virgin Islands       VI Virgin Islands Number of local farmers who adopt some portion of model farm Action Outcome     20   2007 0     y   0 Agricultural production in the Virgin Islands is generally practiced as a part-time activity on small parcels of land. Under these circumstances youth in the V.I. generally do not see agriculture as a viable career. Therefore, a larger farm was established for whole farm systems research and as a model to determine if it could be operated profitably while providing full time employment to several farm workers. To increase chances for profitability the farm employed water harvesting and storage and the integration of fish and vegetable production.  If this model was successful and widely adopted, it would be a vehicle to increase agricultural production in the Virgin Islands, create employment and stimulate the economy. A 5-acre farm was established. It consisted of a 1-acre rainwater catchment, a 500-m3 rainwater storage pond, seven 80-m3 fish culture tanks, a 150-m3 sludge pond, a 24-m3 clear water holding pond, a refrigerated feed storage container, an implement storage container, a small greenhouse for seedlings, a packing shed, an irrigation system and 3 acres of land for vegetable production. The farm was operated as a commercial farm while whole farm systems data was collected. _x000D_ _x000D_ Tilapia were cultured in the fish tanks using a biofloc technology. Production was staggered to produce a continuous supply of fish. The bottom of the fish tank sloped at 3% slope to the middle of the tank, which contained a 45 degree cone. A valve on the drain line was opened daily to discharge sludge from the bottom of the cone into the sludge storage pond. The concentration of solids in the sludge was too high for drip irrigation. Initially a clarifier was installed to remove the solids and produce a clear supernatant for irrigation. Later a geotube was installed, and polymer was used to coagulate solids prior to filtration through the geotextile membrane of the geotube. _x000D_ _x000D_ The initial strategy was to grow three to four vegetable crops on a large scale and sell them at a wholesale level to supermarkets and other large buyers. The strategy eventually shifted to producing a large number of crops on a smaller scale and selling them at retail value. A farm store was constructed at the university to sell the model farm produce as well as produce from other research projects. The farm store contained a fish holding tank and a fish processing room.  _x000D_ The rainwater catchment and rainwater storage pond worked well to provide a reliable water supply for the farm. Supplemental water was only required in two of the last 16 months of this project. Availability of water is one of the major limitations to vegetable production in the V.I., and therefore rainwater harvesting and storage demonstrated a viable solution to the water supply problem._x000D_ _x000D_ The use of fish culture effluent for the fertilization and irrigation of field crops was not accomplished. The use of clarification to produce a clear supernatant with low total dissolved solids (TSS) did not work. When geotube technology became available, it produced a clear filtrate that was very low in TSS and suitable for drip irrigation. In addition, the solids that remained were dry enough (13% dry weight) to be shoveled and incorporated into soil as an organic fertilizer. However, by the time this technique was tested, the farm manager resigned in August, 2007, effectively ending the project. _x000D_ _x000D_ The approach to raise three to four crops for the wholesale market not effective. The prices received were low, and the time involved in making deliveries was excessive. In addition, there was no ready market for unprocessed fish. In response to these obstacles the university provided funds to construct a farm store, which included a fish holding tank and a fish processing room. Produce was sold at retail values and tilapia were sold live, cleaned or as fillets. The vegetable production strategy shifted to the continuous production of many crops to provide variety and consistency of farm store products. In the first 7 months of 2007 the following quantities of 20 crops were produced: _x000D_ _x000D_ Crop Amount (lbs) Crop Amount (lbs)_x000D_ Tilapia 6,428 Sweet Potato      218_x000D_ Tomato 1,664 Sugarcane    119_x000D_ Eggplant 1,471 Bell Pepper      95_x000D_ Banana 1,226 Mint      36_x000D_ Cucumber 1,059 Dill      17 _x000D_ Sweet Corn    435 Hot Pepper      15_x000D_ Cassava    427 Lemon Balm      13_x000D_ Okra    346 Oregano        9 _x000D_ Chives    338 Basil        3_x000D_ Collard Greens   299 Seasoning Pepper   2_x000D_ _x000D_ Total fish and vegetable production were for 6,428 and 7,792 lbs, respectively, for 7 months.  Annual production would be equivalent to 11,019 and 13,358 lbs, respectively. The nature of this project required a long experiential period to develop optimum crop rotations, nutrient and organic matter management and integrated pest management.  The best varieties, cover crops, mulches and planting schedules were not determined. Tilapia stocking and harvesting schedules, feeding rates and water quality control were not perfected. With more time, production of fish and vegetables would have increased severalfold.  When a decision was made to terminate this project due to funding constraints and the project manager vacancy, production and income were well below a level needed to demonstrate economic viability.    _x000D_ _x000D_ A major constraint to economic feasibility was labor within the context of a university system where the work day was only 7 hours and the salaries were too high to expand the work force of four (one manager and three laborers) assigned to this project.  Salaries would have been adjusted to reflect actual farm wages in the economic analysis. However, the hours worked by four university employees (28 hours per day) were not even equivalent to that of three farm workers in the private sector, and a considerable amount of time was devoted to collecting research data that would not be required in a commercial operation. The project needed more labor to increase production levels and income to their potential.    _x000D_ 293 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Other Idaho Commercial Crops University of Idaho       ID Idaho O: An increase in the number of trained graduate students prepared to enter the workforce. _x000D_ I:  Number of M.S. and Ph.D. candidates relevant to this topic team. Action Outcome 0   10   2007 2     y   8 The bean industry in the US faces challenges in production as well as in competition in international markets.  To remain competitive, new varieties with improved qualities are needed.  The UI has an internationally recognized bean breeding program located at the Kimberly Research and Extension Center. The UI bean breeding program focused on variety testing of pinto and great northern varieties (replicated trials to generate essential data for PVP in addition to the Western Regional Bean Trial and in the North American Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery) as requested by the Idaho Bean Commission.  Varieties were screened and tested for agronomic properties, disease resistance and seed quality. Two new high quality slow darkening pinto cultivars, namely Kimberly and Shoshone and two high quality great northern cultivars, namely Hungerford and Sawtooth were released in 2007 for production in Idaho and other western states. In addition to resistance to bean common mosaic virus and rust, the two pinto cultivars are the first slow darkening bean ever developed in the USA. Similarly, the two great northern cultivars possess excellent seed qualities unmatched thus far by any private and public cultivars in that market class. 294 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Water and Environmental Quality University of Idaho       ID Idaho O: An increase in the number of trained graduate students prepared to enter the workforce. _x000D_ I:  Number of M.S. and Ph.D. candidates in water and environmental quality graduate training programs. Condition Outcome 0   5   2007 7     y   20 Research and development activities for our reactive filtration technology, including some that are cooperative with a small business and a larger Fortune 500 company, have assisted in the commercial advancement of the technology developed by this work. The communities of interest include municipalities, agencies, engineers working in water treatment, and water resource managers and interest groups. An exploratory trial of catalytic oxidation was conducted using a flow pre-reactor without the serial acoustic array that will be in the final assembly. Operated at a 10-GPM flow rate with secondary treated, non-chlorinated municipal wastewater at the Hayden Wastewater Research Facility, the trial used a venturi to dose 5 mg/L dissolved ozone prior to a ferric iron dose of 10 mg/L with a flow pre-reactor time of 2 min. The mixture then passed through a gas-liquid separator system and into an up-flow HFOCS moving bed filter. Oxidation-reduction potentials measured 750 mV for post pre-reactor samples and 350 mV for post HFOCS reactor samples. With a total process time of 7 min, this work demonstrated 97% total phosphorus removal (the key nutrient in algae growth), 68% total organic carbon removal (a surrogate for micro-pollutant removal), 3.4 log removal of fecal coliform (from 3000 to 0 cells/100 mL), 93% removal of total viral nucleic acids (a surrogate for virus removal), and effluent turbidity at the low levels of 0.1-0.3 ntu. These are very promising initial results. A tangential but very important finding was a greater than 5% increase in P removal with the addition of an oxidant from our typical reactive filtration process. The reactive filtration process (described in the WER publication of this activity period), has demonstrated reliable 90% P removal. The additional P removal demonstrated with oxidation suggests this approach is suitable for non-reactive phosphorous and may allow dischargers with severe P limits on their discharge water to come into compliance. The contaminant and pathogen removal water treatment technologies developed in this work have had three major impacts: 1) removal of nutrient P to level below natural background which can limit or reverse eutrophication from discharges into natural waters; 2) reduced contaminant loads in finished waters can be used to enhance water treatment plant efficiency releasing community from costly infrastructure upgrades as the community grows; and 3) intense water reuse and recycling requires a very high level of purity in treated waters to limit risk - these technology approaches allow a safer, cost effective approach to clean water. 295 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biorefinery and Carbon Cycling Program University of Georgia Fort Valley State University     GA Georgia Percentage of program particpants reporting increased knowledge after program particpation Knowledge Outcome 33 0 33 0 2007 75 y       0       296  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Biorefinery and Carbon Cycling Program University of Georgia Fort Valley State University     GA Georgia The develoment of successful commercial enterprizes using technology developed in this program. Condition Outcome 33 0 33 0 2007 0 y       0       297  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Managing Water, Energy, Waste and Air Quality in Agriculture University of Georgia Fort Valley State University     GA Georgia Number of additional direct extension contacts made by volunteers, staff, or county agents not receiving federal funds as a direct outcome of the work of federally funded faculty associated with this planned program. Knowledge Outcome 13 0 13 13 2007 11000 y       37206       298  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Managing Water, Energy, Waste and Air Quality in Agriculture University of Georgia Fort Valley State University     GA Georgia Percentage of program participants reporting increased knowledge after program participation. Knowledge Outcome 13 0 13 13 2007 80 y       0       299  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Managing Water, Energy, Waste and Air Quality in Agriculture University of Georgia Fort Valley State University     GA Georgia Percentage of program participants who indicated a plan to adopt one or more of the practices recommended in this program. Action Outcome 13 0 13 13 2007 55 y       0       300  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient and Waste Management University of Idaho       ID Idaho O: An increase in the number of trained graduate students prepared to enter the workforce. _x000D_ I:  Number of M.S. and Ph.D. candidates relevant to this topic team. Action Outcome 30   30   2007 3     y   2 The most common contaminants in US soils and ground waters include heavy metals and recalcitrant organics. Remediation technologies used at polluted sites usually combine general approaches including: isolation, immobilization, toxicity reduction, physical separation, and extraction of contaminants. Microbially mediated processes are gaining more interest as they often present solutions that are more cost-effective and have lower environmental impact. For potential use in remediation reactions, the siderophores in 12 Pseudomonas isolates were identified and analyzed using molecular and bioinformatic techniques. This research identified two types of siderophores produced by Pseudomonas, one of which has never before been found in the genus.  The outcome of this research has helped us to understand how microbes interact with anthropogenic pollutants and will in the long run lead to a cleaner environment with lesser negative impact on community health. 301 10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Other Idaho Commercial Crops University of Idaho       ID Idaho O: Improved water quality in ground and surface water bodies.I: Changes in water quality data over time (e.g. pesticides, pests). Condition Outcome 0   10   2007 5 y       0       302  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient and Waste Management University of Idaho       ID Idaho O: Use of UI publications in planning and education.I: Number of publications developed. Knowledge Outcome 30   30   2007 5 y       0       303  10 Environment and Natural Resources 403 Waste Disposal Nutrient and Waste Management University of Idaho       ID Idaho O: Use of UI publications in planning and education.I: Number of publications downloaded/accessed. Knowledge Outcome 30   30   2007 300 y       0